. 2019 Mar 5;10:485. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00485

Table 2.

HLM results predicting intrinsic motivation and silence.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8	Model 9	Model 10

	Dependent variable = Intrinsic motivation				Dependent variable = Silence
Intercept	−0.02	−0.13^∗∗∗	−0.14^∗∗∗	−0.16^∗∗∗	−0.02	0.10^∗	0.11^∗	0.08†	0.07†
Age		0.09^∗∗∗	0.07^∗∗∗	0.08^∗∗∗		−0.04†	−0.02	−0.01	−0.01
Sex		0.09^∗∗∗	0.11^∗∗∗	0.10^∗∗∗		−0.09^∗∗	−0.10^∗∗	−0.08^∗∗	−0.07^∗
Education		−0.07^∗∗∗	−0.06^∗∗∗	−0.05^∗∗∗		0.04^∗	0.02	0.01	0.01
Tenure		−0.01^∗∗∗	−0.01^∗∗∗	−0.01^∗∗∗		−0.01^∗∗	−0.02^∗∗	−0.02^∗∗∗	−0.01^∗∗
Empowering leadership			0.29^∗∗∗	0.25^∗∗∗			−0.23^∗∗∗	−0.18^∗∗∗
Autonomy				0.10^∗∗∗					−0.12^∗∗∗
Autonomy × Empowering leadership				0.04^∗∗∗
Intrinsic motivation								−0.18^∗∗∗	−0.24^∗∗∗
Intrinsic motivation × Autonomy									−0.04^∗
N (Level 1)	3717	3717	3717	3717	3717	3717	3717	3717	3717
N (Level 2)	545	545	545	545	545	545	545	545	545
Model deviance^a	7459.51	7399.08	6672.72	6583.55	9696.61	9658.12	9424.54	9367.16	9411.98

^aDeviance = −2 × log-likelihood of the full maximum-likelihood estimate, which is a measure of model fit – the smaller the deviance is, the better the model fits. ^†p < 0.10, ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.