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. 2019 Mar 11;9:4086. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40608-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-varying, 3D substrate deformations measured with TF-OCM. (a–c) Bead displacement data for three NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. Left panels depict bead displacements at the time point immediately preceding the addition of the contractility inhibitor, cytochalasin D. Arrows indicate bead displacements with respect to their ‘reference’ positions. Arrow lengths are exaggerated for visualization. Animations over time may be found in Supplementary Movie 2. Right panels depict the mean magnitude of bead displacement as a function of time and distance from the cell centroid (see the Supplementary Methods for details on this calculation). The bead localization sensitivity along the x, y, and z axes were 37 nm, 32 nm, and 86 nm, respectively (described in the Methods section).