Fig. 1. Effects of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), metformin (MET) and their combination on the proliferation of WT9-7 cells and human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEC) evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay.

a WT9-7 cells were treated with 2-DG (0.6, 2.5, 10 and 40 mM) for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, and the cell viability was determined using CCK-8 assay. b WT9-7 cells were treated with MET (0.6, 2.5, 10 and 40 mM) for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, and the cell viability was determined using CCK-8 assay. c Cells were treated with various concentrations (0.6, 2.5, 10 and 40 mM) of 2-DG or MET for 48 h, and the half- maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was determined using GraphPad Prism software. d The combined treatment with 2-DG and MET enhanced the growth inhibition of WT9-7 cells. WT9-7 cells were treated with 2-DG and MET at different doses (1.3 + 0.6, 2.5 + 1.3, 5 + 2.5 and 10 + 5 mM) for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, and the cell viability was determined using the CCK-8 assay. e HRPTEC cells were treated with 2-DG (5 mM), MET (2.5 mM) and their combination for 48 h, and the cell viability was determined using CCK-8 assay; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs Control