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. 2019 Mar 11;9:4079. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40606-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of PGC-1α overexpression on oxidative capacity and plantarflexor muscle strength 4 weeks after VML injury. (a) PGC-1α gene expression 3 hours after completion of stimulation protocol (30 minutes of stimulation) for stimulated and non-stimulated limbs of control and VML injured mice; two-way ANOVA, interaction P < 0.001, # indicates significantly different from all other experimental groups. (b) Representative images of whole gastrocnemius muscles with (bottom) and without (top) PGC-1α overexpression showing increased red hue in PGC-1α transfected muscle, indicating greater oxidation. (c) Representative images of muscle with and without GFP-PGC-1α transfection showing GFP fluorescence in PGC-1α transfected muscle. (d) Mitochondrial respiratory function normalized by grams wet weight of permeabilized muscle fibers (n ≥ 15 permeabilized fiber bundles from n = 5 mice for each condition). (e) Mitochondrial respiratory function normalized to citrate synthase enzyme activity. (f) Plantarflexor torque loss following a fatiguing bout of 120 contractions; two-way ANOVA, P = 0.014 for both main effects of PGC-1α (*) and group (#). Peak isometric torque normalized to (g) body mass and (h) plantarflexor mass was partially rescued in the VML injured limb after PGC-1α overexpression. Data analyzed by one-way ANOVA unless specified otherwise, *P < 0.05. Throughout, error bars represent means ± SD.