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. 2019 Mar 11;9:4084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40701-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ES males have competitive advantages over AS males. (a) The latency to lunge was not different between ES and AS males, however, ES males displayed significantly more (b) number of lunges, (c) number of wing threats, and (d) won more fights against AS opponents. n = 38 individual flies. (a–c) Center line, median; boxes, first and third quartiles; whiskers, range; circle or triangle, individual values. Individual value points on panel (a) represent the latency of a single fly (evaluated by Mann Whitney U-test) and value points on panels (b,c) represent the counts for the number of lunges and wing threats from a single fly (evaluated by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests); panel (d) was evaluated by Chi-square test; *p < 0.05; ns, non-significant.