Fig. 1. Short-term intervention with carbohydrates (7 days) induces the formation of AGEs in plasma and pancreatic islets of NZO mice.

Plasma levels of CML (a) and CEL (b) in CFD- or CRD-fed animals measured by UPLC-MS/MS (n = 6). Quantitative analyses and representative images of immunohistochemical stained arg-pyrimidine (n = 8) (c, f), pentosidine (n = 8) (d, f) and RAGE (n = 8) (e, f). Images are represented in a magnification of 20x or 63x (inserts). White lines mark the islet area and black arrows indicate the positive-stained (brown) area. All results are presented as mean ± SD and statistical significance was assessed by Mann−Whitney U test (unpaired), *p < 0.05. AGE advanced glycation end product, CML N-ε-carboxymethyllysine, CEL N-ε-carboxyethyllysine, CFD carbohydrate-free, high-fat diet, CRD carbohydrate-rich diet, RAGE receptor for advanced glycation end products