Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all women included per intervention group.
| Variable | UC n = 105 |
HE&PA n = 108 |
HE n = 113 |
PA n = 110 |
Total n = 436 |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year, mean ± SD | 31.8 ± 5.6 | 31.9 ± 5.3 | 32.5 ± 5.5 | 31.7 ± 5.1 | 32.0 ± 5.4 | 0.68 |
| Multiparous, n (%) | 50 (48%) | 56 (52%) | 64 (57%) | 51 (46%) | 221 (51%) | 0.41 |
| European descent, n (%) | 94 (90%) | 95 (88%) | 95 (84%) | 94 (86%) | 378 (87%) | 0.65 |
| Lives with partner, n (%) | 100 (95%) | 99 (92%) | 108 (96%) | 103 (94%) | 410 (94%) | 0.60 |
| Higher education, n (%) | 55 (52%) | 59 (55%) | 65 (58%) | 60 (55%) | 239 (55%) | 0.90 |
| Maternal smoking, n (%) | 18 (17%) | 11 (10%) | 20 (18%) | 18 (17%) | 67 (15%) | 0.38 |
| History of GDM, n (%) | 3 (5%) | 4 (6%) | 6 (7%) | 4 (6%) | 17 (6%) | 0.95 |
| 1st degree FH DM, n (%) | 28 (27%) | 18 (17%) | 28 (25%) | 27 (25%) | 101 (23%) | 0.31 |
| Chronic hypertension, n (%) | 9 (9%) | 12 (11%) | 17 (15%) | 17 (16%) | 55 (13%) | 0.36 |
| Gestation on entry, weeks, mean ± SD | 15.2 ± 2.4 | 15.2 ± 2.2 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | 15.5 ± 2.3 | 15.3 ± 2.3 | 0.58 |
| Weight at entry, kg, mean ± SD | 94.2 ± 12.6 | 95.2 ± 13.8 | 94.9 ± 13.2 | 94.6 ± 12.8 | 94.7 ± 13.1 | 0.89 |
| Height, cm, mean ± SD | 165.9 ± 6.7 | 166.0 ± 6.6 | 165.2 ± 6.6 | 165.6 ± 7.2 | 165.7 ± 6.8 | 0.81 |
| BMI at entry, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 34.2 ± 3.9 | 34.5 ± 4.0 | 34.7 ± 4.2 | 34.4 ± 3.8 | 34.5 ± 4.0 | 0.83 |
Abbreviations: UC = usual care; HE = healthy eating; PA = physical activity; HE&PA = healthy eating and physical activity; GDM = gestational diabetes; FH DM = family history of diabetes; SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index. p values of the tests for differences between groups are based on chi-square test (dichotomous variables) or ANOVA (continuous variables).