Figure 3.

Different roles of N1 and N2 neutrophils in cancer. Neutrophils could be polarized into N1 phenotype under the induction of type I interferon (IFNs) and polarized into N2 phenotype under the induction of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). N1 neutrophils may inhibit the development of cancer through tumor cell cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), as well as activation of T cells. N2 neutrophils may promote carcinogenesis, tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis, as well as immunosuppression. N0: Nitric oxide; H₂O₂: Hydrogen peroxide; CD86 and CD 54: Co-stimulatory molecules; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; NE: Neutrophil elastase; NETs: Neutrophil extracellular traps; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase. Reproduced with the approval of the authors with minor modifications: Wang; Qiu; Li; Wang; Yi. “Understanding the multifaceted role of neutrophils in cancer and autoimmune diseases.” Front. Immunol. 2018, 9, 2456, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02456. PMID: 30473691 (Reference [72] in the text).