Table 3.

Strategies which may assist in identifying those cancer patients who are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy.

Strategy	Comment
Type of malignancy, e.g., NSCLC, melanoma [83,84,85] *	Tend to have higher levels of immunogenicity
Absence of lymphopenia and high neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios	Nonspecific indicators of poor antitumor immune responses
Measurement of systemic immunosuppressive cytokines [83,96,97]	IL-1Ra, IL-2R, IL-10, and TGF-β1 are of particular significance in this context
Measurement of tumor mutational load [86,87]	A high mutational load is predictive of good immunogenicity
Computerized image analysis of tumor biopsies [108]	Enables immunological profiling of the tumor microenvironment
Detection of the presence of PD-L1 and/or CD47 and MHC 1 on tumor cells [91,94,95]	Mab-targeting of these immunosuppressive proteins may promote immune eradication
Specific epigenetic profiling (“EPIMMUN”) to predict responsiveness to PD-1-targeted MAbs in NSCLC [109]	Based on detection of the unmethylated status of the Treg transcription factor, Forkhead box P1

* Denotes the relevant references as cited in the text.