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Starch biosynthesis pathway in cereals endosperm (modified from [18]). Eighteen genes play integral roles in different steps of starch synthesis. AGP, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, AGPlar, AGP large subunit; AGPiso, AGP large subunit isoform; AGPsma, AGP small subunit; GBSS, granule bound starch synthase; SS, soluble starch synthase; SBE, starch branching enzyme; ISA, isoamylase; PUL, pullulanase; ISA and PUL belong to the starch debranching enzyme (DBE).
