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. 2019 Feb 21;11(2):448. doi: 10.3390/nu11020448

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Gram staining of bacterial isolates before (a–d) and after (e–g) the coaggregation assays of L. plantarum ATCC 8014 with the three species of Clostridium. (a) L. plantarum, (b) C. butyricum, (c) C. difficile, and (d) C. perfringens controls. Coaggregation of L. plantarum and (e) C. butyricum, (f) C. difficile, or (g) C. perfringens. Formation of bacterial aggregates were observed after mixing L. plantarum with each Clostridium strain. Gram stained slides were visualized by light microscopy under a 100× oil immersion objective.