Table 4.
Harvesting locations of the soft corals of the genus Lobophytum, extraction solvent, new compounds identified and their biological properties.
| Soft Coral. | Extraction | New Bioactive Cembranoid Diterpene | Type | Biological Activities | Location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian Ocean | ||||||
| Lobophytum crassum | Methanol/room temperature | No cembranoids were isolated | Moderate activity of the crude methanol extract against the malarial parasite FCM29 strain of Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 value of 33.15 μg/mL) | Inner reef of Mohambo, Tamatave province, the east coast of Madagascar (17º29′15.0′’S, 49º28′32.1′’E) | [24] | |
| Red Sea Coast | ||||||
| Lobophytum sp. | Chloroform:methanol (1:1)/room temperature | Cembrene A (190) (this is not new, but was the sole that presented biological activity among several metabolites) | Isopropenyl cembrane | Moderate antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter sp., E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia - High toxicity against brine shrimp Artemia salina (LD50 = 25 μg/mL) - Antitumor activity against Erhlich carcinoma cells (LD50 = 50 μg/mL, respectively |
Saudi Arabia Red Sea Coast at Jeddah | [52] |
| South China Sea | ||||||
| Lobophytum crassum | Ethyl acetate/not reported | Lobophylins F-H (180–182) | Isopropenyl cembrane | Not evaluated | Coast of Dongsha Atoll | [56] |
| Lobophytum crassum | Ethyl acetate/not reported | Lobophyolide A and B (174) and (175) | 5-Membered lactone | - Both (<50 μg/mL) presented a potent inhibitory effect on IL-12 and NO release (inhibition rates of >90%) in LPS-activated dendritic cells - Lobophyolide A (174) and B (175) also had considerable cytotoxicity with survival percentage of dendritic cells, under the concentration of 50 μg/mL, of 76 and 52, respectively. |
Coast of Pingtung, Taiwan | [9] |
| Lobophytum crassum | Methanol/not reported | Locrassumins A,B, D-G (159),(160), (161)-(164), locrassumin C (168) (–)-laevigatol B (165), (–)-isosarcophine (166) (–)-7R,8S-dihydroxydeepoxysarcophytoxide (167) |
Locrassumins A-C, E: Isopropyl cembrane; Locrassumin D: 7-membered lactone; Locrassumin F and (–)-isosarcophine: 5-membered lactone; Locrassumin G, (–)-laevigatol B and (–)-7R,8S-dihydroxydeepoxysarcophytoxide: Furanocembranoid |
Locrassumins A (159) and G (164), (169), (170) and (172) showed moderate inhibition against LPS-induced NO production in mouse peritoneal macrophages with IC50 values of 17 and 13 μM, 24, 8 and 17 μM, respectively. No inhibitory effect was observed for the other compounds (IC50 > 30 μM) | Inner coral reef of Meishan, Hainan Province | [45] |
| East China Sea | ||||||
| Lobophytum sp. | Acetone/not reported | Compound A (a new rare casbane-tipe diterpenoid), two new cembrane diterpenoids (Compounds B and C) | - Casbane - Isopropyl cembranes |
- Weak anti-bacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and E. coli) - Moderate cytotoxicity against human colon cancer cells (HCT116) with IC50 values ranging from 135.57 to 177.11 μM - Anti-inflammatory activity in LPS/IFN-γ (LPS/interferon-γ)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells (IC50 41.21–74.76 μM) |
Irabu Island, Okinawa, Japan | [53] |
| Aquaculture | ||||||
| Lobophytum crassum | Ethyl acetate/not reported | Culobophylins D (185) and E (186) | Culobophylins D: Isopropenyl cembrane; Culobophylins E: Isopropenyl acid cembranes | 13-Acetoxysarcocrassocolide (187), lobocrassin B (186) and 14-deoxycrassin (142) were active against diverse leukemia cell lines (K562, U937, Molt4, and Sup-T1) with IC50 values ranging from 1.2 to 7.1 μM | National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium (Pingtung, Taiwan) | [57] |