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. 2019 Feb 9;11(2):361. doi: 10.3390/nu11020361

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Blood glucose levels between stress treatments (panel A), and percent change from 0 h post-stress among solution conditions in restraint (panel B) or shock (panel C) stress treatments. Blood was collected for analysis before the acute stress session, and 0, 3, and 6 h following the acute stress session. Animals received either inescapable and unpredictable shock (S) or simple restraint (R). Following the stress session, animals were given 18-h free access to a 40% glucose cocktail (G), 40% fructose cocktail (F), or water (W). Glucose mitigated the post-stress decline in blood glucose concentrations in shocked animals. Error bars denote mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05 (comparison for top figure: Restraint, Shock, comparison for bottom figures: SG, SW), ^ p < 0.05 (comparison: SG, SF).