Table 1.

In vitro and in vivo experiments using ketamine treatment.

Publication	Test Subject	Study Design	Antidepressant-Like Effect	Molecular Mechanism
Franceschelli et al., 2015 [64]	Male and female C57/BL6J mice	KET in naïve and CMS animals: female and male mice (FST)	KET effect: Female mice > male mice	Effects on excitatory amino acids (glutamate and aspartate), serotoninergic activity.
Saland et al., 2018 [65]	Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats	KET metabolism and distribution		↑ level of KET and NK in both brain and plasma
Ho et al., 2018 [66]	Human iPSC-derived astrocytes	Oestrogen + KET in vitro	Oestrogens augmented the effect of KET	↑ level of AMPA receptor subunit and ERα. Oestrogens: ↑ level of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6.
Dossat et al., 2018 [67]	Male and female C57/BL6J mice	Oestrogen and Progesterone receptor agonist and KET (FST)	Female in proestrus + KET: sensitive to lower dose.	Proestrus female ↑ p-Akt and p-CaMKIIα.
Sarkar et al. 2016 [28]	Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats	KET and social isolation stress (behaviour and synaptic protein level)	IS: male depression like behaviour at 8 weeks while female at 11 weeks. KET rescued the phenotype.	Decline in spine density and synaptic proteins reversed by KET only in male but not female

We list relevant, ketamine-associated publications with significant impact in the field. KET ketamine, CMS chronic mild stress, FST forced swim test, NK norketamine, iPSC induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, CYP Cytochrom P 450 Enzyme, IS Isolation Stress.