Table 5.
Results on glucose and lipid metabolism and on blood pressure.
| Cocoa Treatment (n = 12) |
Placebo Treatment (n = 12) |
Repeated-Measures ANOVA |
Friedman Test | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 h | 2 h | 4 h | 0 h | 2 h | 4 h | TR | Time | Time x TR | ||
| Glucose metabolism | ||||||||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 7.3 (6.1, 8.3) ab | 8.7 (6.9, 9.8) a | 6.2 (5.0, 6.6) b | 7.5 (6.8, 8.4) ab | 9.1 (7.6, 10.6) a | 6.5 (5.5, 7.4) b | — | — | — | 0.009 1 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 14.2 ± 1.8 a | 42.1 ± 7.2 b | 22.7 ± 4.3 ab | 16.5 ± 1.8 a | 40.5 ± 6.1 b | 19.8 ± 3.4 ab | 0.891 | <0.001 2 | 0.644 | — |
| HOMA-IR (mmol/L) 3 | 4.6 ± 0.6 a | 16.7 ± 3.6 b | 6.5 ± 1.5 a | 5.4 ± 0.6 a | 16.8 ± 3.1 b | 5.9 ± 1.2 a | 0.762 | <0.001 4 | 0.463 | — |
| Lipid status | ||||||||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.93 ± 0.22 | 2.03 ± 0.19 | 1.93 ± 0.19 | 1.75 ± 0.17 | 1.96 ± 0.21 | 2.03 ± 0.23 | 0.846 | 0.184 | 0.280 | — |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.01 ± 0.25 | 5.00 ± 0.25 | 5.02 ± 0.25 | 5.05 ± 0.23 | 4.99 ± 0.25 | 5.11 ± 0.25 | 0.904 | 0.182 | 0.346 | — |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.98 ± 0.20 a | 2.97 ± 0.20 a | 3.01 ± 0.20 a | 3.07 ± 0.20 a | 3.00 ± 0.20 a | 3.08 ± 0.21 a | 0.825 | 0.048 4 | 0.372 | — |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.20 ± 0.07 | 1.19 ± 0.07 | 1.19 ± 0.07 | 1.22 ± 0.08 | 1.18 ± 0.08 | 1.20 ± 0.08 | 0.924 | 0.157 | 0.473 | — |
| LDL-chol/HDL chol ratio | 2.55 ± 0.19 a | 2.56 ± 0.19 a | 2.59 ± 0.20 a | 2.59 ± 0.18 a | 2.60 ± 0.18 a | 2.64 ± 0.19 a | 0.858 | 0.004 4 | 0.891 | — |
| Blood pressure | ||||||||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 145.2 ± 5.4 a | 139.4 ± 5.4 a | 138.3 ± 4.7 a | 153.0 ± 3.8 a | 139.8 ± 4.7 a | 139.8 ± 4.3 a | 0.591 | 0.002 4 | 0.333 | — |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 78.0 ± 2.7 | 75.2 ± 3.4 | 77.8 ± 2.8 | 82.0 ± 2.1 | 77.9 ± 3.9 | 78.8 ± 2.5 | 0.503 | 0.089 | 0.600 | — |
1 In case of significant changes, a post-hoc test (two-factorial analysis of variances according to ranks) was done. 2 In case of significant effects by time and missing variance homogeneity, Dunnett’s T3 test was performed. 3 Logarithmized values were used for repeated-measures ANOVA. 4 If effects by time were significant and variance homogeneity was given, Tukey test was performed. Values within the same treatment with different superscript letters differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Plasma glucose at 2 h and at 4 h was not significantly different between cocoa and placebo treatment (Wilcoxon signed rank test). Data are means ± SEMs and medians (interquartile ranges), respectively. Chol, cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TR, treatment.