Table 4.
One-Way ANOVA results of examples of significant differences toward insect consumption between dietary groups.
| Variable * | Omnivores M (SD) |
Non-Vegan Vegetarians M (SD) |
Vegans M (SD) |
Significance ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitude | ||||
| Insect consumption can be a solution to the world’s food problem. | 5.57 (1.58) | 5.93 (1.23) | 3.96 (2.34) | F(2,564) = 16.913, ŋ2 = 0.056 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| Insects should not be used in food production. | 1.86 (1.57) | 1.45 (0.83) | 4.19 (2.62) | F(2,564) = 35.655, ŋ2 = 0.112 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 a vs. b, p = 0.024 |
| Using insects in food production is a good thing. | 5.74 (1.66) | 6.03 (1.31) | 3.62 (2.42) | F(2,564) = 23.932, ŋ2 = 0.078 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| Foods made of insects are a bad thing. | 1.98 (1.58) | 1.63 (4.02) | 4.15 (2.31) | F(2,564) = 29.614, ŋ2 = 0.033 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| The entering of foods of insect origin into the market would be a good trend. | 5.54 (1.75) | 6.11 (1.16) | 3.42 (2.39) | F(2,564) = 28.073, ŋ2 = 0.090 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 a vs. b, p = 0.003 |
| The use of insects should be promoted in food production. | 5.62 (1.74) | 6.06 (1.14) | 3.35 (2.62) | F(2,564) = 28.120, ŋ2 = 0.091 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 a vs. b, p = 0.034 |
| The practice of eating of insects is wise. | 5.34 (1.64) | 5.73 (1.40) | 3.31 (2.36) | F(2,564) = 23.840, ŋ2 = 0.078 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| The use of insects as human food should definitely be approved in Finland. | 5.85 (1.67) | 6.32 (1.18) | 4.15 (2.48) | F(2,564) = 19.358, ŋ2 = 0.064 a vs. c, p< 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 a vs. b, p = 0.014 |
| The use of insects in food production is morally wrong. | 1.75 (1.34) | 1.84 (1.33) | 5.27 (2.07) | F(2,564) = 80.637, ŋ2 = 0.222 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| I want to be an ethically responsible consumer and I don’t want to utilize insects in my own diet. | 2.27 (1.83) | 2.32 (1.81) | 5.42 (2.40) | F(2,564) = 35.709, ŋ2 = 0.112 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| I want to be a responsible consumer and eat insects since I know that eating them is sustainable. | 5.22 (1.92) | 5.44 (1.62) | 2.69 (2.22) | F(2,564) = 24.009, ŋ2 = 0.078 p < 0.001 |
| Subjective norm | ||||
| It is important to me to fulfill other people’s expectations. | 2.25 (1.44) | 2.68 (1.61) | 1.65 (1.06) | F(2,564) = 6.813, ŋ2 = 0.023 a vs. b, p = 0.015 b vs. c, p = 0.004 |
| People I respect could eat foods of insect origin. | 5.68 (1.58) | 6.22 (1.10) | 5.04 (2.04) | F(2,564) = 9.157, ŋ2 = 0.031 a vs. b, p = 0.002 b vs. c, p = 0.001 |
| I could eat foods of insect origin since people close to me think that I follow novel trends in my food selection. | 3.18 (1.83) | 3.63 (1.79) | 2.15 (2.09) | F(2,564) = 7.588, ŋ2 = 0.026 a vs. c, p = 0.017 b vs. c, p = 0.001 |
| I could eat foods of insect origin if my friends recommended eating them. | 5.25 (1.95) | 5.52 (1.66) | 2.50 (2.30) | F(2,564) = 27.894, ŋ2 = 0.090 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| People that are important to me would respect me less if I ate foods made of insects. | 1.78 (1.38) | 1.56 (1.11) | 3.3 (2.24) | F(2,564) = 17.597, ŋ2 = 0.059 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| Perceived behavioral control | ||||
| I can easily control that my diet doesn’t contain insects. | 4.50 (2.10) | 4.23 (2.14) | 5.73 (1.80) | F(2,564) = 5.491, ŋ2 = 0.019 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| I always watch what I eat carefully. | 4.63 (1.74) | 4.64 (1.55) | 6.19 (1.68) | F(2,564) = 10.733, ŋ2 = 0.036 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| It is totally up to me whether I buy foods made of insects. | 6.02 (1.46) | 5.66 (1.55) | 6.65 (1.06) | F(2,564) = 5.806, ŋ2 = 0.020 b vs. c, p = 0.005 |
| Food neophobia | ||||
| If I don’t know what the food contains, I won’t try it. | 3.9 (2.07) | 4.0 (1.98) | 6.04 (1.69) | F(2,564) = 13.404, ŋ2 = 0.045 a vs. c, p < 0.001 b vs. c, p < 0.001 |
| I am very selective in what I eat. | 3.11 (1.83) | 3.67 (1.82) | 4.31 (2.04) | F(2,564) = 8.607, ŋ2 = 0.036 a vs. c, p = 0.004 a vs. b, p = 0.009 |
| I will eat almost anything. | 5.03 (1.89) | 3.92 (1.47) | 3.0 (1.92) | F(2,564) = 26.995, ŋ2 = 0.087 a vs. b, p < 0.001 a vs. c, p < 0.001 |
* 1–7, Likert scale, response options (1 = totally disagree, 7 = totally agree). ** a = omnivores, b = non-vegan vegetarians, c = vegans.