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. 2019 Feb 21;20(4):946. doi: 10.3390/ijms20040946

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The levels of inflammatory cytokines and their mediators after SPA administration: The transcripts levels of three inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) (A–C) and two inflammatory mediators (NK-κB and iNOS) (D,E) were detected in the colon by a quantitative real-time PCR analysis using specific primers. The intensity of each band was determined densitometrically, and the relative level was calculated based on the intensity of the β-actin transcript as an endogenous control. Four to five rats per group were used in RNA purification, and cytokine levels were assayed in duplicate in each sample. The data are reported as the mean ± SD. * indicates p < 0.05 compared to the CNTR group. ^# indicates p < 0.05 compared to the Lop + Vehicle-treated group.