Table 3.
Regression coefficients (β) of associations between pregnancy (model 1), diet quality as assessed with DHD15-index (model 2), micronutrient intake (model 3) and micronutrient status (model 4) and fasting glucose, 2 h glucose levels and HbA1c.
| Outcome | Model | Exposure Variable | β | 95% CI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose | (1) b | Time—12 weeks pregnancy a | −0.252 | −0.386; −0.117 | 0.001 |
| Time—24 weeks pregnancy a | −0.425 | −0.570; −0.281 | <0.001 | ||
| (2) c | DHD-15 index score | −0.006 | −0.011; −0.001 | 0.017 | |
| (3) c | Total folate intake (FE μg) | 0.000 | −0.001; 0.001 | 0.929 | |
| Total vitamin B6 intake (mg) | −0.005 | −0.064; 0.055 | 0.869 | ||
| Total vitamin B12 intake (μg) | −0.014 | −0.221; 0.193 | 0.893 | ||
| Total vitamin D intake (μg) | 0.013 | −0.037; 0.062 | 0.612 | ||
| Total iron intake (mg) | −0.069 | −0.124; 0.015 | 0.013 | ||
| (4) d | Serum folate | −0.003 | −0.007; 0.002 | 0.261 | |
| Serum 25(OH)D | 0.001 | −0.001; 0.003 | 0.310 | ||
| Whole blood vitamin B6 | 0.000 | 0.000; 0.000 | 0.843 | ||
| Serum vitamin B12 | 0.000 | −0.001; 0.001 | 0.960 | ||
| Serum ferritin | 0.000 | −0.004; 0.004 | 0.966 | ||
| 2 h glucose | (1) b | Time—12 weeks pregnancy a | 0.375 | 0.041; 0.71 | 0.029 |
| Time—24 weeks pregnancy a | 1.079 | 0.653; 1.505 | <0.001 | ||
| (2) c | DHD-15 index score | −0.011 | −0.025; 0.002 | 0.100 | |
| (3) c | Total folate intake (FE μg) | −0.001 | −0.004; 0.002 | 0.590 | |
| Total vitamin B6 intake (mg) | −0.046 | −0.209; 0.118 | 0.580 | ||
| Total vitamin B12 intake (μg) | 0.121 | −0.444; 0.686 | 0.671 | ||
| Total vitamin D intake (μg) | 0.030 | −0.094; 0.154 | 0.635 | ||
| Total iron intake (mg) | −0.064 | −0.226; 0.097 | 0.429 | ||
| (4) d | Serum folate | −0.002 | −0.013; 0.008 | 0.656 | |
| Serum 25(OH)D | 0.000 | −0.007; 0.007 | 0.996 | ||
| Whole blood vitamin B6 | −0.001 | −0.003; 0.002 | 0.660 | ||
| Serum vitamin B12 | 0.000 | −0.002; 0.002 | 0.788 | ||
| Serum ferritin | 0.005 | −0.005; 0.014 | 0.325 | ||
| HbA1c | (1) b | Time—12 weeks pregnancy a | −1.963 | −2.571; −1.355 | <0.001 |
| Time—24 weeks pregnancy a | −3.360 | −4.004; −2.716 | <0.001 | ||
| (2) c | DHD-15 index score | −0.016 | −0.044; 0.012 | 0.248 | |
| (3) c | Total folate intake (FE μg) | 0.001 | −0.006; 0.007 | 0.847 | |
| Total vitamin B6 intake (mg) | −0.167 | −0.478; 0.144 | 0.288 | ||
| Total vitamin B12 intake (μg) | −0.138 | −1.231; 0.954 | 0.801 | ||
| Total vitamin D intake (μg) | 0.087 | −0.172; 0.346 | 0.505 | ||
| Total iron intake (mg) | −0.484 | −0.783; −0.184 | 0.002 | ||
| (4) d | Serum folate | 0.021 | −0.001; 0.044 | 0.066 | |
| Serum 25(OH)D | −0.006 | −0.018; 0.007 | 0.364 | ||
| Whole blood vitamin B6 | −0.008 | −0.023; 0.006 | 0.249 | ||
| Serum vitamin B12 | 0.002 | −0.003; 0.006 | 0.506 | ||
| Serum ferritin | −0.011 | −0.032; 0.010 | 0.288 |
a Preconception is reference category. b Adjusted for age, ethnicity, education level, parity, history of GDM, BMI; c Adjusted for time, age, ethnicity, parity, history of GDM, BMI, energy intake; d Adjusted for time, age, ethnicity, parity, history of GDM, BMI.