Table 4.
Plasma amino acid levels in rats fed a standard, cafeteria, high-fat, or high-protein diet for 30 days.
| Standard Diet | Cafeteria Diet | High-Fat Diet | High-Protein Diet | ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | ||
| Ala | 535 ± 53 | 517 ± 35 | 462 ± 28 | 575 ± 23 | 496 ± 37 | 560 ± 17 | 543 ± 37 | 589 ± 23 | S |
| Ser | 302 ± 33 | 248 ± 22 | 353 ± 39 | 403 ± 44 | 327 ± 15 | 340 ± 20 | 348 ± 18 | 351 ± 13 | D |
| Thr | 286 ± 42 | 242 ± 27 | 280 ± 42 | 296 ± 30 | 366 ± 31 | 255 ± 9 | 253 ± 23 | 291 ± 20 | |
| Gly | 210 ± 26 | 262 ± 25 | 271 ± 33 | 460 ± 55 | 262 ± 8 | 346 ± 25 | 408 ± 23 | 511 ± 19 | D,S |
| Pro | 279 ± 46 | 299 ± 6 | 240 ± 24 | 286 ± 8 | 247 ± 34 | 265 ± 16 | 410 ± 26 | 480 ± 46 | D |
| Asp | 21.0 ± 3.9 | 13.5 ± 1.2 | 13.2 ± 1.4 | 15.2 ± 0.8 | 17.0 ± 1.6 | 21.2 ± 1.6 | 15.1 ± 1.6 | 18.2 ± 1.3 | I |
| Asn | 63.3 ± 11.1 | 76.0 ± 6.3 | 59.2 ± 8.0 | 86.1 ± 11.0 | 58.3 ± 13.2 | 73.9 ± 6.6 | 79.6 ± 8.6 | 101 ± 7.7 | S |
| Glu | 82.1 ± 9.4 | 104 ± 10.8 | 89.7 ± 7.5 | 121 ± 7.4 | 98.7 ± 14.0 | 134 ± 7.5 | 90.6 ± 6.9 | 128 ± 10.2 | S |
| Gln | 682 ± 69 | 735 ± 79 | 535 ± 36 | 718 ± 38 | 792 ± 41 | 890 ± 30 | 632 ± 29 | 656 ± 23 | D,I |
| Val | 177 ± 25 | 164 ± 9 | 142 ± 19 | 166 ± 14 | 107 ± 21 | 116 ± 10 | 211 ± 11 | 258 ± 19 | D |
| Leu | 207 ± 24 | 189 ± 10 | 155 ± 14 | 186 ± 7 | 151 ± 17 | 156 ± 11 | 197 ± 10 | 242 ± 11 | D |
| Ile | 110 ± 10 | 102 ± 4 | 100 ± 11 | 113 ± 8 | 76.4 ± 9.3 | 84.0 ± 4.7 | 116 ± 6 | 144 ± 7 | D |
| Arg | 155 ± 21 | 162 ± 16 | 174 ± 17 | 202 ± 12 | 136 ± 23 | 152 ± 10 | 138 ± 11 | 158 ± 23 | |
| Ornithine | 49.5 ± 10.8 | 60.9 ± 5.7 | 38.9 ± 4.4 | 68.5 ± 6.5 | 74.6 ± 9.9 | 78.8 ± 8.8 | 87.6 ± 8.1 | 143 ± 24 | D,S |
| Citrulline | 104 ± 11 | 91.0 ± 9.3 | 87.3 ± 6.0 | 93.7 ± 3.7 | 92.1 ± 3.7 | 104 ± 4 | 94.6 ± 4.0 | 102 ± 10 | |
| Met | 73.9 ± 10.7 | 67.7 ± 5.6 | 57.9 ± 3.6 | 71.2 ± 4.5 | 61.4 ± 6.6 | 70.9 ± 2.9 | 66.0 ± 2.4 | 80.9 ± 6.6 | |
| Phe | 71.8 ± 6.2 | 68.9 ± 4.1 | 56.8 ± 3.4 | 70.4 ± 2.6 | 66.4 ± 7.3 | 79.8 ± 3.6 | 67.8 ± 3.7 | 81.6 ± 4.3 | S |
| Tyr | 55.9 ± 11.9 | 66.5 ± 6.6 | 42.5 ± 7.2 | 79.5 ± 3.2 | 60.7 ± 8.7 | 111 ± 5 | 60.7 ± 4.9 | 76.7 ± 5.9 | D,S,I |
| His | 69.5 ± 8.9 | 65.4 ± 5.3 | 55.8 ± 2.2 | 71.9 ± 5.4 | 53.3 ± 6.0 | 63.6 ± 2.9 | 55.7 ± 1.8 | 67.4 ± 1.4 | S |
| Lys | 382 ± 44 | 284 ± 19 | 346 ± 41 | 344 ± 36 | 293 ± 22 | 190 ± 10 | 461 ± 22 | 405 ± 17 | D,S |
| Trp | 127 ± 15 | 106 ± 16 | 98.8 ± 10.5 | 123 ± 7 | 126 ± 6 | 130 ± 10 | 139 ± 4 | 131 ± 8 | |
Note: The data (µM) correspond to the mean ± SEM of 6–8 different animals. Statistical analysis was two-way ANOVA: p-values are for diet (D), sex (S), or interaction (I).