Figure 1.

Associations between “Traditional pattern (TFD)” and “Traditional pattern (FFQ)” score quantiles and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, stratified by maternal age (<35 vs. ≥35). Adjusted for other dietary patterns derived from the same dietary assessment tool (TFD or FFQ), pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), age, parity, family income, education level, ethnicity, smoking status, total energy intake from three-day food diaries, and physical activity. TFD: three-day food diaries; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire.