Table 3.
Dietary pattern scores according to maternal characteristics among 1014 pregnant women in the “Born in Shenyang” cohort.
| Characteristics | Dietary Pattern Score, Mean (SD) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three-Day Food Diaries | Food Frequency Questionnaire | ||||||
| Traditional (TFD) | Sweet Foods (TFD) | Fried Food–Beans (TFD) | Whole Grain–Seafood (TFD) | Fish–Seafood (FFQ) | Protein–Sweets (FFQ) | Traditional (FFQ) | |
| Age at enrollment (years) | |||||||
| <25 | 0.51 (1.55) | 0.15 (1.46) | 0.23 (1.73) | −0.25 (1.14) | −0.62 (1.70) | −0.40 (2.22) | −0.49 (1.71) |
| 25–29 | 0.06 (1.75) | 0.02 (1.41) | −0.01 (1.27) | −0.12 (1.11) | 0.12 (3.25) | 0.30 (2.69) | 0.17 (1.92) |
| 30–34 | −0.14 (1.65) | −0.04 (1.17) | 0.06 (1.24) | 0.15 (1.37) | −0.04 (2.76) | −0.25 (2.10) | −0.17 (1.88) |
| ≥35 | −0.04 (1.85) | −0.02 (1.58) | −0.21 (1.14) | 0.11 (1.24) | 0.00 (2.88) | −0.10 (2.66) | 0.11 (1.95) |
| p | 0.041 | 0.786 | 0.073 | 0.004 | 0.333 | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Han | −0.02 (1.72) | 0.01 (1.37) | 0 (1.29) | 0.01 (1.22) | 0.06 (2.98) | −0.02 (2.41) | −0.02 (1.89) |
| Minority | 0.10 (1.76) | −0.04 (1.31) | 0.02 (1.22) | −0.08 (1.32) | −0.31 (2.82) | 0.11 (2.80) | 0.07 (2.00) |
| p | 0.412 | 0.699 | 0.831 | 0.389 | 0.140 | 0.540 | 0.608 |
| Educational attainment | |||||||
| Middle school | 0.17 (1.60) | −0.28 (0.82) | −0.09 (1.24) | −0.14 (1.01) | −0.76 (2.32) | −0.91 (2.23) | −0.68 (2.00) |
| High school | 0.21 (1.78) | −0.07 (1.23) | −0.11 (1.23) | 0.02 (0.99) | −0.26 (2.66) | −0.01 (2.49) | −0.19 (2.02) |
| College | 0.00 (1.75) | 0.04 (1.35) | 0.06 (1.30) | −0.04 (1.26) | 0.14 (3.12) | 0.08 (2.56) | 0.10 (1.89) |
| Graduate or above | −0.49 (1.46) | 0.04 (1.88) | −0.16 (1.21) | 0.39 (1.49) | 0.06 (2.58) | 0.28 (1.83) | 0.17 (1.59) |
| p | 0.012 | 0.189 | 0.210 | 0.009 | 0.039 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Household income per year, CNY | |||||||
| <30,000 | −0.04 (1.77) | −0.15 (1.15) | −0.10 (1.10) | −0.07 (1.07) | 0.00 (2.87) | 0.05 (2.73) | −0.26 (1.93) |
| 30,000–<50,000 | 0.15 (1.70) | −0.02 (1.10) | 0.10 (1.41) | −0.04 (1.21) | −0.23 (2.52) | −0.21 (2.11) | 0.01 (1.81) |
| 50,000–<70,000 | −0.01 (1.68) | 0.06 (1.40) | 0.01 (1.28) | 0.05 (1.32) | 0.01 (2.49) | 0.16 (2.75) | 0.03 (1.84) |
| ≥70,000 | −0.15 (1.78) | 0.06 (1.68) | −0.03 (1.29) | 0.12 (1.37) | 0.36 (3.91) | 0.16 (2.34) | 0.35 (1.98) |
| Missing Value | 0.23 (1.44) | 0.40 (1.80) | −0.13 (1.31) | −0.32 (1.02) | −0.71 (1.59) | −0.78 (2.00) | −0.69 (2.01) |
| p | 0.337 | 0.119 | 0.553 | 0.192 | 0.121 | 0.099 | 0.002 |
| Parity | |||||||
| 0 | −0.01 (1.69) | 0.03 (1.43) | 0.02 (1.28) | 0.03 (1.25) | 0.02 (2.96) | 0.15 (2.56) | 0.02 (1.88) |
| ≥1 | 0.04 (1.83) | −0.12 (1.10) | −0.09 (1.26) | −0.09 (1.20) | −0.08 (2.95) | −0.51 (2.08) | −0.08 (2.00) |
| p | 0.702 | 0.130 | 0.242 | 0.201 | 0.634 | <0.001 | 0.486 |
| Smoking status during pregnancy | |||||||
| Yes | −0.60 (1.30) | 0.09 (1.64) | −0.48 (0.78) | −0.36 (0.74) | 0.44 (5.64) | −0.38 (2.51) | −0.36 (1.76) |
| No | 0.01 (1.73) | 0.00 (1.36) | 0.01 (1.28) | 0.01 (1.24) | −0.01 (2.89) | 0.01 (2.47) | 0.01 (1.91) |
| p | 0.136 | 0.767 | 0.104 | 0.211 | 0.520 | 0.517 | 0.416 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI category, kg/m2 | |||||||
| <18.5 | −0.12 (1.75) | −0.01 (1.28) | −0.03 (1.30) | −0.25 (0.96) | 0.12 (4.17) | 0.20 (3.14) | 0.45 (1.96) |
| 18.5–<23.0 | 0.07 (1.72) | −0.01 (1.25) | 0.01 (1.31) | 0.01 (1.26) | 0.06 (2.67) | 0.13 (3.14) | 0.17 (1.92) |
| 23.0–<25.0 | 0.04 (1.64) | 0.07 (1.81) | −0.02 (1.17) | 0.12 (1.43) | −0.02 (3.13) | −0.13 (2.29) | −0.29 (1.82) |
| ≥25.0 | −0.15 (1.77) | −0.02 (1.31) | 0.00 (1.26) | 0.04 (1.17) | −0.22 (2.60) | −0.38 (2.13) | −0.52 (1.76) |
| p | 0.363 | 0.927 | 0.988 | 0.076 | 0.680 | 0.060 | <0.001 |
| Physical Activity, MET-hour/week | |||||||
| <100 | −0.06 (1.71) | 0.08 (1.73) | −0.01 (1.44) | 0.00 (1.30) | −0.11 (2.93) | −0.28 (2.10) | −0.26 (1.78) |
| 100 to <200 | 0.02 (1.69) | −0.01 (1.21) | 0.01 (1.19) | 0.01 (1.19) | −0.08 (2.97) | 0.04 (2.51) | 0.07 (1.88) |
| ≥200 | 0.03 (1.83) | −0.09 (1.19) | −0.02 (1.27) | −0.03 (1.27) | 0.37 (2.94) | 0.27 (2.81) | 0.14 (2.11) |
| p | 0.783 | 0.420 | 0.921 | 0.926 | 0.156 | 0.060 | 0.035 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day a | |||||||
| <2100 | −0.72 (1.23) | −0.19 (1.15) | −0.23 (1.09) | −0.14 (1.00) | 0.00 (2.79) | 0.09 (2.59) | 0.03 (1.91) |
| ≥2100 | 1.12 (1.79) | 0.30 (1.59) | 0.37 (1.45) | 0.23 (1.51) | 0.00 (3.20) | −0.14 (2.28) | −0.07 (1.91) |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.991 | 0.145 | 0.374 |
a: energy intake was calculated from three-day food diaries. TFD: three-day food diaries; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; CNY: China yuan (1 China yuan = 0.14 US dollar).