Table 4.
Associations of dietary pattern scores, in quartiles, with risk for gestational diabetes mellitus among 1014 women in the “Born in Shenyang” Cohort.
| Dietary Patterns | Q1 (n = 253) | Q2 (n = 253) | Q3 (n = 253) | Q4 (n = 255) | p for Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
| Three-Day Food Diaries | |||||
| Traditional (TFD) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.47, 1.03) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.26) | 0.42 (0.27, 0.64) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.43, 0.98) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) | 0.38 (0.24, 0.60) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.45, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.58, 1.42) | 0.40 (0.23, 0.71) | 0.005 |
| Sweet foods (TFD) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.70, 1.56) | 1.03 (0.69, 1.55) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.16) | 0.231 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.62, 1.43) | 0.90 (0.59, 1.37) | 0.71 (0.46, 1.10) | 0.129 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.61, 1.44) | 0.90 (0.58, 1.39) | 0.73 (0.46, 1.16) | 0.199 |
| Fried food–beans (TFD) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.41 (0.94, 2.12) | 1.13 (0.74, 1.71) | 1.01 (0.66, 1.54) | 0.606 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.41 (0.92, 2.14) | 1.18 (0.77, 1.82) | 1.07 (0.69, 1.66) | 0.871 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.46 (0.95, 2.26) | 1.28 (0.82, 2.02) | 1.08 (0.67, 1.74) | 0.940 |
| Whole grain–seafood (TFD) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.82, 1.97) | 1.68 (1.10, 2.57) | 1.75 (1.15, 2.67) | 0.006 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.73, 1.80) | 1.60 (1.03, 2.48) | 1.88 (1.22, 2.90) | 0.002 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.67, 1.68) | 1.49 (0.95, 2.35) | 1.73 (1.10, 2.74) | 0.007 |
| Food Frequency Questionnaire | |||||
| Fish–seafood (FFQ) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.53, 1.21) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.41) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.45) | 0.822 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.55, 1.35) | 1.00 (0.64, 1.59) | 0.95 (0.58, 1.57) | 0.963 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.55, 1.40) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.60) | 0.95 (0.56, 1.59) | 0.986 |
| Protein–sweets (FFQ) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.49, 1.11) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.24) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.17) | 0.341 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.54, 1.28) | 1.04 (0.65, 1.66) | 1.06 (0.63, 1.78) | 0.667 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.60, 1.49) | 1.23 (0.75, 2.00) | 1.18 (0.69, 2.03) | 0.434 |
| Traditional (FFQ) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.44 (0.29, 0.66) | 0.45 (0.30, 0.68) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.46, 1.02) | 0.43 (0.28, 0.66) | 0.43 (0.28, 0.68) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.42, 0.98) | 0.40 (0.26, 0.64) | 0.44 (0.27, 0.70) | <0.001 |
Model 1: Crude model. Model 2: Adjusted for other dietary patterns derived from the same dietary assessment tool (TFD or FFQ). Model 3: Model 2 plus pre-pregnancy BMI, age, parity, family income, education level, ethnicity, smoking status, total energy intake from three-day food diaries, and physical activity. TFD: three-day food diaries; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire.