Table 3.

Energy and micronutrient intakes of lactating and non-lactating Zambian women from 24-h dietary recall records.

	Lactating					Non-Lactating					p 3
	n = 180					n = 343
	Age Range 15–47 Years					Age Range 15–49 Years
Nutrient	EAR 1	Mean	SD	Median	Percent Inadequate 2	EAR 1	Mean	SD	Median	Percent Inadequate 2
Energy (kcal)	-	1845	880	1697	-	-	1903	753	1919	-	-
Vitamin A 4 (μg)	900	337	348	239	99.9	500	322	319	210	91.0	<0.001
Thiamin (mg)	1.2	0.73	0.45	0.57	97.1	0.9	0.71	0.44	0.58	77.6	<0.003
Riboflavin (mg)	1.3	0.65	0.43	0.54	98.7	0.9	0.69	0.58	0.55	73.8	<0.003
Niacin 5 (mg)	13	23.2	32.9	13.5	28.0	11	24.6	33.5	14.8	22.3	NS 6
Vitamin B6 (mg)	1.7	1.19	0.83	0.94	90.1	1.1	1.22	0.82	1.00	36.4	<0.001
Folate 7 (μg)	450	257	288	116	91.0	320	231	269	121	74.6	NS
Vitamin B12 (μg)	2.4	3.51	10.5	0.00	37.7	2.0	2.82	7.43	0.00	37.1	NS
Vitamin C (mg)	100	90.9	152	51.0	54.9	60	69.2	111	43.8	51.3	<0.001
Calcium (mg)	800	231	172	178	99.9	800	190	145	146	99.9	NS
Iron (mg) 8	6.5	12.4	7.48	9.52	36.9	8.1	12.0	7.42	7.39	37.1	NS
Zinc (mg)	10.4	7.88	4.55	6.38	86.1	6.8	7.82	3.94	6.93	33.6	<0.001

¹ Estimated average requirement (EAR) shown for lactating and non-lactating women 19 to 50 years, EAR for 14 to 18 years accounted for in calculations when appropriate. ² Established by EAR cut-point method [43] with adjusted data. ³ Proportion z-score test between adjusted rates of inadequacy. ⁴ As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs); 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. ⁵ As estimated niacin equivalents (NE); 60 mg of tryptophan = 1 mg of niacin, tryptophan estimated to be 1% of protein [44]. ⁶ NS: non-significant. ⁷ As dietary folate equivalents (DFE); 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food. ⁸ Prevalence of inadequate intake determined by Institute of Medicine (IOM) probability equations assuming 18% bioavailability [29].