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. 2019 Feb 13;11(2):385. doi: 10.3390/nu11020385

Table 3.

Consumption of total sugars (g/day) by food groups.

Control Group
N = 161		 Intervention Group
N = 272		 Intervention Group vs. Control Group
Food Groups <15 Weeks of Pregnancy 1 35–37 Weeks of Pregnancy 1 Change 1 p-Value 15 Weeks of Pregnancy 1 35–37 Weeks of Pregnancy 1 Change 1 p-Value Difference between Groups at <15 Weeks of Pregnancy 2 p-Value Difference between Groups at 35–37 Weeks of Pregnancy 2 p-Value Difference in the Change 2 p-Value
Cereals 3.88 (4.77) 3.52 (3.68) −0.35 (5.26) 0.393 3.35 (3.15) 2.97 (3.43) −0.38 (3.79) 0.099 −0.53 (0.38) 0.161 −0.55 (0.35) 0.116 −0.03 (0.44) 0.952
Tubers 0.57 (0.42) 0.53 (0.44) −0.04 (0.53) 0.349 0.62 (0.57) 0.52 (0.39) −0.10 (0.57) 0.003 0.05 (0.05) 0.307 −0.01 (0.04) 0.768 −0.06 (0.05) 0.259
Bread 2.16 (1.81) 2.29 (2.14) 0.13 (2.38) 0.474 2.44 (2.03) 2.36 (1.76) −0.8 (2.43) 0.594 0.28 (0.19) 0.139 0.07 (0.18) 0.742 −0.21 (0.24) 0.375
Pies and cakes 9.33 (8.08) 9.86 (9.12) 0.53 (10.63) 0.526 10.36 (10.73) 8.92 (8.69) −1.44 (13.00) 0.068 1.12 (0.97) 0.250 −0.94 (0.88) 0.283 −1.97 (1.21) 0.103
Cookies 3.81 (6.83) 3.57 (4.90) −0.24 (7.20) 0.672 3.70 (6.26) 3.06 (7.36) −0.64 (8.09) 0.192 −0.05 (0.64) 0.931 −0.51 (0.65) 0.430 −0.40 (0.77) 0.602
Snacks 1.97 (2.73) 2.46 (3.64) 0.49 (4.36) 0.155 1.75 (2.79) 1.84 (3.43) 0.09 (4.19) 0.701 −0.23 (0.27) 0.394 −0.62 (0.35) 0.077 −0.39 (0.42) 0.353
Sugars and sweets 23.49 (18.69) 19.19 (18.50) −4.30(20.57) 0.008 27.98 (24.68) 19.38 (19.18) −8.60 (27.37) <0.001 4.88 (2.23) 0.029 0.19 (1.88) 0.921 −4.30 (2.49) 0.084
Ice cream 2.28 (4.94) 2.65 (7.39) 0.36 (8.65) 0.595 2.71 (5.23) 1.83 (2.66) −0.88 (5.95) 0.015 0.70 (0.45) 0.125 −0.82 (0.49) 0.096 −1.24 (0.70) 0.077
Soft drinks and juices 29.23 (35.80) 20.50 (23.96) −8.73 (31.88) <0.001 27.08 (32.45) 15.05 (20.51) −12.03 (34.47) <0.001 −2.15 (3.35) 0.521 −5.45 (2.17) 0.012 −3.30 (3.33) 0.323
Fruits 31.23 (23.16) 30.69 (23.77) −0.54 (27.23) 0.799 33.03 (25.71) 26.41 (20.97) −6.61 (25.29) <0.001 1.89 (2.46) 0.445 −4.28 (2.18) 0.051 −6.07 (2.58) 0.019
Vegetables 1.79 (1.38) 1.49 (1.08) −0.30 (1.35) 0.005 2.00 (1.73) 1.59 (1.27) −0.41 (1.75) <0.001 0.20 (0.16) 0.208 0.10 (0.12) 0.418 −0.11 (0.16) 0.478
Legumes 0.27 (0.30) 0.28 (0.30) 0.01(0.34) 0.691 0.26 (0.31) 0.27 (0.33) 0.01 (0.40) 0.572 −0.01 (0.03) 0.865 −0.01 (0.03) 0.776 0.00 (0.04) 0.934
Meats 0.29 (0.25) 0.28 (0.19) −0.01 (0.29) 0.570 0.28 (0.25) 0.26 (0.24) −0.02 (0.29) 0.295 −0.01 (0.02) 0.839 −0.01 (0.02) 0.579 −0.01 (0.03) 0.845
Sausage 0.20 (0.21) 0.18 (0.19) −0.02 (0.23) 0.296 0.25 (0.24) 0.20 (0.21) −0.05 (0.26) 0.002 0.05 (0.02) 0.039 0.02 (0.02) 0.408 -0.03 (0.02) 0.219
Whole milk products 11.67 (14.33) 10.67 (14.58) −1.00 (15.11) 0.404 12.91 (16.02) 8.51 (13.32) −4.40 (15.09) <0.001 1.59 (1.51) 0.294 −2.16 (1.37) 0.115 −3.40 (1.49) 0.023
Low-fat milk products 12.23 (12.19) 14.18 (14.66) 1.95 (15.21) 0.103 10.00 (11.87) 14.19 (15.15) 4.19 (15.74) <0.001 −2.30 (1.19) 0.054 0.01 (1.48) 0.995 2.24 (1.54) 0.148
Preparations 3.73 (3.68) 3.07 (3.04) −0.66 (3.49) 0.019 4.54 (8.19) 3.27 (3.63) −1.27 (7.67) 0.007 0.93 (0.68) 0.171 0.20 (0.34) 0.561 −0.62 (0.64) 0.334
Oils 0.06 (0.06) 0.04 (0.04) −0.02 (0.06) 0.010 0.07 (0.08) 0.04 (0.04) −0.03 (0.09) <0.001 0.01 (0.01) 0.112 0.00 (0.00) 0.665 0.01 (0.01) 0.173

Statistical differences were evaluated using Student’s t-test or t-test for paired samples. 1 Mean (standard deviation) 2 Mean difference (standard deviation).