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. 2019 Jan 22;11(2):214. doi: 10.3390/nu11020214

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Gastrointestinal metabolism modulates the interaction of PYC with TLRs. PYC was subjected to gastrointestinal metabolism in the presence of human faecal suspension. In the intestinal phase, a semi-permeable dialysis membrane mimics one-way absorption. Both retentate and dialysate samples were taken at specific time points (4 h, 10 h, 27 h, and 36 h) and used for stimulation of the HEK 293 cells expressing (A,B) TLR1/2, (C,D) TLR2/6, (E,F) TLR4, and (G,H) TLR5, which were also stimulated with their known ligands as positive controls (PAM3, FSL-1, LPS, and flagellin, resp.). After 24 h of incubation, the luciferase activity in HEK 293 cells was measured and expressed as fold change of fluorescence intensity to unstimulated cells cultured in medium as control. PYC samples were metabolized in the presence of E: enzymes; BAC: intestinal bacteria (human faecal suspension). All data are expressed as the mean ± SD of n = 4 technical replicates from two independent experiments. p-values < 0.05 are considered statistically significant, as analyzed with one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc comparison test (GraphPad Prism). Significant differences are indicated by asterisks: * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001.