Table 3.
Demonstrated health benefits of cruciferous sprouts under a range of pathophysiological conditions.
| Matrix | Pathophysiological Condition | Effect | Model | Action Mechanism Z | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broccoli sprouts | Metabolic profile | No specific effect monitored | Humans | FA 14:1, FA 16:1, FA 18:1, FA 14:0, FA 16:0, FA 18:0, dehydroepiandrosterone, glutathione, cysteine, and glutamine (↑) Deoxy-uridin monophosohate (↓) |
[42] |
| Radish sprouts | Energy metabolism | Decrease glucose level | Drosophila melanogaster | Expression of spargel (↑) | [43] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Pregnancy | Prevention of brain injury in newborns | Rats | Not determined | [44] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Inflammation and oxidative stress | Modulation of inflammation and vascular events | Humans | Not determined | [45] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Inflammation in overweight population | Anti-inflammatory activity | Humans | IL-6 and C-reactive protein (↓) | [46] |
| Broccoli sprout powder |
Diabetes | Anti-inflammatory effect | Humans | C-reactive protein (↓) | [47] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Hypertension | Does not improve endothelial function of hypertension in humans | Humans | Not determined | [48] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Hypertension | Attenuation of oxidative stress, hypertension, and inflammation | Rats | Not determined | [49] |
| Rutabaga sprouts | Thyroid function and iodine deficiency. Role as goitrogenic foods | Protective effect against thyroid damage Goitrogenic activity not discarded |
Male rats | Dietary source of iodine GPX1, GPX3, and FRAP (↓) |
[50] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Hepatic and renal toxicity | Antioxidant activity | Female rats | Phase-II enzymes (↑) Lipid peroxidation and apoptosis (↓) |
[51] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Bowel habits | Decrease in the constipation scoring system Decrease of Bifidobacterium |
Humans | Not determined | [52] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Pain assessment and analgesia | Dose-dependent nociceptive activity | Rats | Agonists of central and peripheral opioid receptors | [53] |
| Tuscan black cabbage sprout extract | Xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant defense | Improvement of the detoxification of xenebiotics | Rats | Induction of phase-II enzymes and boosting of the enzymatic activity of catalase, NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase | [54] |
| Japanese Radish Sprout | Diabetes | Decrease in plasma fructosamine, glucose, and insulin in diabetic rats | Rats | Not determined | [40] |
| Radish sprouts | Diabetes | Increase in blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and very low density lipoproteins | Rats | Not determined | [55] |
| Broccoli sprout extracts | Skin disorders | Induction of phase-II response | Mice and humans | NQO1 enzyme activity (↑) | [56] |
| Broccoli sprout extracts | Skin disorders | Protection against inflammation, edema, and carcinogens in humans | Humans | Phase-II enzymes (↑) NQO1 enzyme activity (↑) |
[57] |
| Broccoli sprout homogenate | Physiological upper airway | No specific effect monitored | Humans | Phase-II enzymes (↑) | [58] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Physiological upper airway | No specific effect monitored | Humans | Nrf2 activity (↑) Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (↑) |
[59] |
| Broccoli sprout extract | Asthma | Blocking the bronchoconstrictor hyperresponsiveness of some asthmatic phenotypes | Humans | Activity of Nrf2 regulated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes (↓) | [60] |
| Broccoli sprout extract | Hepatic disturbances | Improvement of liver functions and reduction of oxidative stress | Rats | Not determined | [61] |
| Broccoli sprout-based supplements | General carcinogenic processes | Chemopreventive effect | Humans | Not determined | [62] |
| Broccoli sprout extract | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Chemopreventive activity of sulforaphane against carcinogen-induced oral cancer | Mice | Time and dose dependent induction of Nrf2 and Nrf2 target genes (NQO1 and GCLC) Dephosphorilation of pSTAT3 |
[63] |
| Broccoli sprouts homogenate | Sickle cell disease (hemoglobinopathy) | Change in the gene expression levels | Humans | Expression of Nrf2 targets (HMOX1 and HBG1) (↑) | [64] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Oxidative stress | Improvement in cholesterol metabolism and decrease in oxidative stress | Humans | Not determined | [65] |
| Broccoli sprouts | General carcinogenic processes | Chemopreventive agent | Humans | Histone deacetylase activity (↓) | [66] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Unspecific frame | Not determined | Humans | Histone deacetylase activity (↓) | [67] |
| Broccoli sprouts | Antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori | Reduction of Helicobacter pylori colonization in mice Enhancement of sequelae of Helicobacter pylori infection in mice and humans |
Mice and humans | Not determined | [68] |
| Broccoli sprout extract | Allergic response | Broccoli sprouts reduce the impact of particulate pollution of allergic disease and asthma | Humans | Not determined | [69] |
| Broccoli sprout extract | Prostate cancer | Inconclusive | Humans | Not determined | [70] |
| Broccoli sprout and myrosinase-treated broccoli sprout extracts | Chemoprevention of carcinogenesis processes | Inconclusive | Humans | No dose response was observed for molecular targets | [71] |
| Broccoli sprout extract | Psychiatric disorders | Improvement of the cognitive function in patients affected by schizophrenia | Humans | Not determined | [72] |
| Broccoli sprout extract | Type II diabetes | Reduction of fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin | Mice | (↑) Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (↓) Glucose production and intolerance |
[73] |
| Broccoli sprout extract | Neurological disorder | Inconclusive improvement of Autism symptoms | Humans | (↑) Gene transcription in multiple cell signaling pathways | [74] |
| Broccoli sprout homogenate | Viral infections | Enhancement of antiviral defense response | Humans | Modulation of natural killer cell activation Production of granzyme B by natural killer cells (↑) |
[75] |
Z FA, fatty acids; FRAP, ferric reducing activity of plasma; GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; GPX1, cytosolic glutathione peroxidase-1; GPX3, cytosolic glutathione peroxidase-3; HBG1, Hemoglobin subunit gamma 1; HMOX1, heme oxygenase (decycling) 1; IL-6, interleukina 6; NAD(P)H, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; pSTAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone. (↓↑) Non-significant variation, (↓) decrease, and (↑) increase.