Table A1.
Comparison of the mean energy and protein intake from the food consumed by children aged 6–36 months.
| Food consumed | 6–12 Months | 12–36 Months | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a Energy, Kcal/day ± SD | b Protein g/day ± SD | a Energy, Kcal/day ± SD | b Protein g/d ± SD | |||||||||
| Masenjer (n = 87) | Limera (n = 85) | p value | Masenjere (n = 87) | Limera (n = 85) | p value | Masenjere (n = 91) | Limera (n = 92) | p value | Masenjere (n = 91) | Limera (n = 92) | p value | |
| Grains, roots and tubers | ||||||||||||
| Maize on the cob, roasted | 14.6 ± 45.1 | 11.7 ± 12.5 | 0.779 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.779 | 40.7 ± 27.2 | 45.7 ± 28.7 | 0.556 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.556 |
| Maize porridge (watery), refined flour | 61.8 ± 34.6 | 61.0 ± 35.5 | 0.888 | 2.3 ± 2.4 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 0.001 | 91.7 ± 50.8 | 98.7 ± 48.5 | 0.374 | 2.9 ± 3.0 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 0.042 |
| Maize porridge (stiff, nsima), refined flour | 55.7 ± 33.2 | 66.0 ± 35.6 | 0.015 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.023 | 118.5 ± 66.2 | 121.9 ± 64.4 | 0.641 | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 0.764 |
| Rice, boiled | 44.7 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 114.6 ± 77.6 | 252.4 ± 120.9 | 0.082 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 2.2 | 0.082 |
| Rice porridge, homemade | 0 | 34.2 ± 24.5 | na 1 | 0 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | na 1 | 161.7 ± 53.7 | 166.3 ± 81.9 | 0.928 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 0.966 |
| Cassava, boiled | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 13.6 ± 0 | 55.7 ± 38.6 | na 1 | 0.1 ± 0 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | na 1 |
| Sweet potatoes, boiled | 38.0 ± 30.2 | 32.0 ± 7.2 | 0.746 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.587 | 67.8 ± 41.3 | 56.2 ± 26.4 | 0.411 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.416 |
| Fermented cereal drink (thobwa), homemade | 58.6 ± 42.9 | 32.7 ± 10.5 | 0.248 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.248 | 134.2 ± 104.8 | 99.8 ± 74.1 | 0.444 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 0.444 |
| Flesh foods (meat, poultry, fish) | ||||||||||||
| Fish, boiled | 42.8 ± 31.1 | 41.9 ± 45.3 | 0.928 | 3.9 ± 4.2 | 5.5 ± 6.8 | 0.312 | 44.5 ± 40.4 | 57.7 ± 50.5 | 0.171 | 4.2 ± 5.1 | 5.4 ± 6.4 | 0.307 |
| Soup, fish broth, homemade | 12.5 ± 4.5 | 13.7 ± 7.9 | 0.575 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 0.665 | 15.5 ± 8.4 | 11.8 ± 6.4 | 0.298 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.731 |
| Soup. Meat broth, homemade | 6.4 ± 3.1 | 9.4 ± 0 | na 1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0 | na 1 | 4.1 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0.2 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Chicken, boiled | 15.4 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 1.5 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 54.0 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 5.1 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Dairy products | ||||||||||||
| Milk, powdered | 4.9 ± 0 | 9.8 ± 0 | na 1 | 0.2 ± 0 | 0.5 ± 0 | na 1 | 21.1 ± 1.4 | 0 | na 1 | 1.02 ± 0.1 | 0 | na 1 |
| Eggs | ||||||||||||
| Chicken egg, boiled/fried | 38.9 ± 23.7 | 49.1 ± 16.7 | 0.515 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 0.132 | 80.6 ± 56.5 | 73.7 ± 23.8 | 0.795 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 0.956 |
| Soup, egg broth, homemade | 7.0 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0.02 ± 0 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Legumes and nuts | ||||||||||||
| White beans, stewed | 43.0 ± 5.7 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | na 1 | 0 | 83.3 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 3.4 ± 0 | na 1 |
| Cowpea, stewed | 19.8 ± 11.9 | 0 | na 1 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0 | na 1 | 72.5 ± 49.1 | 49.5 | 0.570 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 0.551 |
| Red kidney bean, stewed | 26.1 ± 9.7 | 45.6 ± 29.8 | 0.040 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 0.040 | 62.3 ± 38.4 | 64.0 ± 29.6 | 0.909 | 3.3 ± 2.0 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 0.825 |
| Pigeon pea, stewed | 0 | 40.9 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 1.8 ± 0 | na 1 | 70.6 ± 78.1 | 0 | na 1 | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 0 | na 1 |
| Peas, boiled | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 39.2 ± 21.9 | na 1 | 0 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | na 1 |
| Soup, bean broth, homemade | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 3.3 | 0.240 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.864 | 5.6 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0.3 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables | ||||||||||||
| Mangoes, ripe | 63.6 ± 41.2 | 40.9 ± 14.4 | 0.159 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.146 | 127.3 ± 72.6 | 75.3 ± 42.4 | 0.003 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.002 |
| Oranges, ripe | 9.7 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0.2 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 22.5 ± 0.9 | 0 | na 1 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0 | na 1 |
| Pawpaw, ripe | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 19.5 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0.3 ± 0 | na 1 |
| Green leafy vegetables, boiled | 12.0 ± 8.1 | 12.1 ± 12.0 | 0.968 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.275 | 26.7 ± 23.2 | 25.0 ± 21.8 | 0.662 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.105 |
| Guava, pink | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 28.1 ± 27.0 | na 1 | 0 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | na 1 |
| Avocado, ripe, mashed | 74.6 ± 24.5 | 0 | na 1 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0 | na 1 | 91.2 ± 39.5 | 0 | na 1 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0 | na 1 |
| Okra, boiled | 74.6 ± 24.5 | 0 | na 1 | 0.01 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 2.2 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0.1 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Cabbage, boiled | 7.6 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0.1 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 63.4 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 1.7 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Banana, ripe | 26.7 ± 18.4 | 35.1 ± 3.8 | 0.342 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.342 | 40.6 ± 23.4 | 44.5±26.2 | 0.789 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.789 |
| Sugar plum, ripe | 0 | 2.3 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0.01 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | na 1 | 0 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | na 1 |
| Sugarcane, peeled | 1.3 ± 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 6.2 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Snacks | ||||||||||||
| Concentrate Juice, diluted | 32.1 ± 25.3 | 33.1 ± 17.2 | 0.901 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.891 | 49.6 ± 50.7 | 75.3 ± 50.9 | 0.282 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.338 |
| Kids maize snack, processed and colored (kamba puffs) | 74.9 ± 100.6 | 53.7 ± 49.4 | 0.566 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.566 | 50.3 ± 44.3 | 66.7 ± 73.3 | 0.517 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.517 |
| Lollipop | 36.4 ± 31.1 | 35.8 ± 0 | 0.958 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 39.6 ± 13.9 | 40.3 ± 12.2 | 0.861 | 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Cake, baked with banana, refined maize flour (chikondamoyo) | 0 | 50.5 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 1.4 ± 0 | na 1 | 148.7 ± 0 | 131.7 ± 43.6 | na 1 | 4.3 ± 0 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | na 1 |
| Fritters, fried with banana, refined maize flour (chitumbuwa) | 0 | 531.1 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 15.2 ± 0 | na 1 | 213.3 ± 110.2 | 186.4 ± 130.8 | 0.703 | 6.1 ± 3.2 | 5.3 ± 3.7 | 0.703 |
| Fritters, fried, refined wheat flour (mandasi) | 168.4 ± 129.4 | 365.1 ± 104.7 | <0.001 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 380.1 ± 142.4 | 446.5 ± 255.3 | 0.285 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 2.7 | 0.285 |
| Coca-Cola | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 71.3 ± 0.5 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Icicle, sweetened and colored | 0 | 95.5 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0.2 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 33.0 ± 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0.1 ± 0 | 0.379 |
| Tea, unsweetened, brewed | 11.8 ± 20.5 | 0 | na 1 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0 | na 1 | 13.7 ± 12.6 | 0 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 |
| Sugar | 40.3 ± 21.4 | 48.1 ± 20.3 | 0.073 | 0 | 0 | na 1 | 55.6 ± 25.1 | 60.5 ± 22.9 | na 1 | 0 | 0 | na 1 |
a Energy kcal/day ± SD: kcal/day is the mean energy consumed per day. b Protein g/day ± SD: g/day is the mean amount of protein provided by each food per day. 1 na = not available.