Table 1.
Retrospective and prospective observational studies on hyperhomocysteinemia and folic acid/vitamin B12 impairment in patients with CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
| Study | Design | Participants, n | Case Definition/Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soohoo et al., 2017 [15] | Retrospective | 9517 (folate group), 12968 (B12 group) HD | Mortality | Lower folic acid predicts mortality |
| Ye et al., 2016 [94] | Cross-sectional | 1042 CKD stage 1–5 | CVD | HHcy associated with CKD severity, LVH, LVD and vascular disease |
| Anan et al., 2006 [95] | Retrospective case-control | 44 HD | Silent cerebral infarction | HHcy predicted outcome |
| Ducloux et al., 2006 [92] | Prospective observational | 459 HD | Mortality and fatal CVD | HHcy predicted outcome only in patients without CIMS |
| Nair et al., 2005 [96] | Retrospective case-control | 146 HD | MI, heart surgery | HHcy did not predict CVD risk |
| London et al., 2004 [97] | Prospective observational | 78 HD | Mortality | HHcy did not predict outcome |
| Kalantar-Zadeh et al., [98] | Prospective observational | 367 HD | Mortality | Lower Hcy levels predicted mortality |
| Buccianti et al., 2004 [99] | Prospective observational | 77 HD | Fatal CVD | HHcy predicted outcome |
| Bayès et al., 2003 [100] | Prospective observational | 94 HD | Mortality, fatal CVD | HHcy did not predict outcome |
| Mallamaci et al., 2002 [101] | Prospective observational | 175 HD | Mortality, fatal CVD | HHcy predicted outcome |
| Ducloux et al., 2002 [102] | Prospective observational | 240 PD | Fatal and nonfatal CVD | HHcy did not predict outcome |
| Haraki et al.,2001 (retrospective part) [103] | Retrospective case-control | 43 HD/PD | Coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease | HHcy CVD risk factor |
| Haraki et al., 2001 (prospective part) [103] | Prospective observational | 55 HD/PD | Fatal and nonfatal CVD | HHcy predicted outcome |
| Wrone et al., 2001 [104] | Retrospective case-control | 459 HD/PD | MI, stroke, TIA, carotid endarterectomy. | HHcy did not predict CVD risk |
| Dierkes et al., 2000 [105] | Prospective observational | 102 HD | Mortality, fatal/nonfatal CVD | HHcy predicted outcome |
| Suliman et al., 2000 [106] | Retrospective case-control | 117 HD | Coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease | HHcy did not predict CVD risk |
| Kunz et al., 1999 [107] | Retrospective case-control | 63 HD | Coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease | HHcy cardiovascular risk factor |
| Manns et al., 1999 [108] | Retrospective case-control | 218 HD | Coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease | HHcy cardiovascular risk factor only in males |
| Sirrs et al., 1999 [109] | Prospective observational | 88 HD | Mortality and CVD events | Lower Hcy levels predicted mortality |
| Moustapha et al., 1998 [110] | Prospective observational | 167 HD/PD | Mortality and CVD events | HHcy predicted outcome |
| Vychytil et al., 1998 [111] | Retrospective case-control | 154 PD | Coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease | HHcy did not predict CVD risk |
| Bostom et al., 1997 [112] | Prospective observational | 73 HD/PD | CVD events | HHcy predicted outcome |
| Robinson et al., 1996 [113] | Retrospective case-control | 176 HD/PD | Coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease | HHcy cardiovascular risk factor |
| Bachmann et al., 1995 [114] | Retrospective case-control | 45 HD | Coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease | HHcy cardiovascular risk factor |
| Bostom et al., 1995 [115] | Retrospective case-control | 24 HD/PD | Coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease | HHcy did not predict CVD risk |
Abbreviations: CVD, Cardiovascular Disease; MI, Myocardial Infarction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVD, left ventricular dysfunction; HHcy, hyperhomocysteinemia; HD, Hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease; CIMS, chronic inflammation-malnutrition state.