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. 2019 Jan 26;11(2):275. doi: 10.3390/nu11020275

Table 3.

Multivariable Associations of Nut and Walnut Consumption versus No Nut Consumption with Depression Scores.

No Nuts Other Nuts (ref = No Nuts) Walnuts with Other Nuts (ref = No Nuts) Walnuts with High Certainty (ref = No Nuts)
Sex LS Mean (95% CL) LS Mean (95% CL) p LS Mean (95% CL) p LS Mean (95% CL) p
Sum of Depression Item Scores * All 4.15(3.96, 4.34) 3.83(3.6, 4.06) 0.0028 3.82(3.59, 4.06) 0.0037 3.28(2.85, 3.71) <0.0001
Female 4.66(4.44, 4.87) 4.14(3.87, 4.40) 0.0001 4.18(3.93, 4.43) 0.0007 3.54(3.08, 4.00) <0.0001
Male 3.65(3.44, 3.86) 3.53(3.21, 3.84) 0.4604 3.46(3.14, 3.78) 0.2564 3.02(2.38, 3.66) 0.0533
OR (95%CL) p OR (95%CL) p OR (95%CL) p
Little interest in doing things ** All 0.92(0.81, 1.04) 0.1716 0.86(0.73, 1.02) 0.0862 0.48(0.30, 0.78) 0.0033
Female 0.90(0.78, 1.05) 0.1804 0.83(0.68, 1.01) 0.0579 0.46(0.29, 0.72) 0.0008
Male 0.93(0.76, 1.14) 0.4587 0.90(0.72, 1.13) 0.3669 0.51(0.24, 1.09) 0.0825
Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless All 0.95(0.84, 1.07) 0.3879 0.87(0.73, 1.03) 0.1143 0.63(0.43, 0.93) 0.0211
Female 0.88(0.75, 1.03) 0.1171 0.76(0.62, 0.94) 0.0119 0.58(0.35, 0.95) 0.0308
Male 1.02(0.84, 1.24) 0.8633 0.99(0.76, 1.29) 0.9532 0.69(0.35, 1.36) 0.2774
Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much All 0.93(0.83, 1.05) 0.2482 0.98(0.85, 1.13) 0.7912 0.96(0.69, 1.34) 0.8151
Female 0.89(0.79, 1.01) 0.0781 0.95(0.78, 1.14) 0.5596 1.02(0.70, 1.47) 0.9310
Male 0.98(0.81, 1.18) 0.8051 1.02(0.85, 1.22) 0.8578 0.91(0.52, 1.59) 0.7372
Feeling tired or having little energy All 0.96(0.87, 1.06) 0.4039 0.95(0.85, 1.07) 0.3966 0.74(0.55, 1.00) 0.0532
Female 0.94(0.83, 1.08) 0.3880 0.92(0.79, 1.06) 0.2422 0.69(0.50, 0.96) 0.0259
Male 0.97(0.82, 1.16) 0.7661 0.99(0.81, 1.21) 0.9306 0.8(0.47, 1.36) 0.4089
Poor appetite or overeating All 0.86(0.73, 1.01) 0.0725 0.87(0.75, 1.01) 0.0696 1.00(0.67, 1.49) 0.9830
Female 0.79(0.67, 0.94) 0.0070 0.83(0.70, 0.98) 0.0290 0.77(0.51, 1.18) 0.2308
Male 0.94(0.72, 1.21) 0.6153 0.91(0.71, 1.16) 0.4516 1.28(0.62, 2.64) 0.4971
Feeling bad about yourself All 1.06(0.92, 1.22) 0.4216 1.02(0.88, 1.19) 0.7550 0.68(0.42, 1.10) 0.1123
Female 0.97(0.81, 1.17) 0.7460 1.09(0.88, 1.34) 0.4267 0.63(0.39, 1.02) 0.0589
Male 1.16(0.92, 1.46) 0.2178 0.97(0.76, 1.23) 0.7731 0.73(0.34, 1.54) 0.4036
Trouble concentrating on things All 0.92(0.79, 1.06) 0.2495 0.93(0.78, 1.11) 0.4141 0.53(0.31, 0.90) 0.0194
Female 0.86(0.71, 1.03) 0.1050 0.95(0.76, 1.19) 0.6593 0.70(0.46, 1.09) 0.1105
Male 0.98(0.77, 1.25) 0.8732 0.91(0.69, 1.19) 0.4712 0.40(0.14, 1.11) 0.0781
Moving or speaking slowly or too fast All 0.84(0.68, 1.03) 0.0993 0.86(0.65, 1.13) 0.2793 0.51(0.28, 0.95) 0.0342
Female 0.81(0.63, 1.04) 0.0954 0.73(0.53, 1.01) 0.0575 0.46(0.23, 0.94) 0.0344
Male 0.87(0.63, 1.21) 0.4054 1.01(0.68, 1.52) 0.9452 0.57(0.18, 1.80) 0.3310
Thought you would be better off dead All 0.82(0.59, 1.15) 0.2459 0.46(0.30, 0.70) 0.0005 0.13(0.04, 0.44) 0.0016
Female 0.68(0.47, 1.00) 0.0487 0.46(0.27, 0.80) 0.0064 0.15(0.03, 0.65) 0.0119
Male 0.99(0.58, 1.70) 0.9779 0.45(0.24, 0.86) 0.0164 0.11(0.01, 0.79) 0.0284
Sum of Depression Item Scores (≥2) All 0.92(0.82, 1.02) 0.1134 0.94(0.82, 1.07) 0.3194 0.72(0.52, 1.00) 0.0520
Female 0.90(0.79, 1.03) 0.1169 0.94(0.78, 1.12) 0.4635 0.72(0.50, 1.04) 0.0823
Male 0.93(0.79, 1.10) 0.4090 0.93(0.78, 1.13) 0.4739 0.73(0.43, 1.23) 0.2275
Sum of Depression Item Scores (≥5) All 0.86(0.74, 1.00) 0.0535 0.83(0.70, 0.98) 0.0286 0.39(0.22, 0.71) 0.0022
Female 0.85(0.71, 1.00) 0.0560 0.89(0.74, 1.07) 0.2289 0.48(0.29, 0.78) 0.0038
Male 0.87(0.69, 1.11) 0.2593 0.77(0.60, 1.00) 0.0479 0.32(0.13, 0.83) 0.0199
Sum of Depression Item Scores (≥10) All 0.80(0.64, 1.00) 0.0503 0.67(0.48, 0.93) 0.0185 0.51(0.22, 1.21) 0.1250
Female 0.77(0.58, 1.01) 0.0617 0.62(0.46, 0.84) 0.0022 0.46(0.22, 0.99) 0.0459
Male 0.83(0.56, 1.23) 0.3530 0.72(0.41, 1.27) 0.2522 0.56(0.11, 2.82) 0.4801

Data is from NHANES 2005–2014. Models adjusted for Age, Sex, Race, BMI, Smoking, Alcohol Use, Income, Marital Status, and Interaction between Walnut Consumption and Sex. * Sum of PHQ-9 questions DPQ010–090: Regression model, least square (LS) means are reported. ** Individual item: Logistic regression model, each item is dichotomized into no (0) and some depression symptom (1, 2, or 3). ORs = Odds rations of having depression symptom. Bolded numbers indicate statistically significant results whereas p < 0.05.