Table 3.
Multivariable Associations of Nut and Walnut Consumption versus No Nut Consumption with Depression Scores.
| No Nuts | Other Nuts (ref = No Nuts) | Walnuts with Other Nuts (ref = No Nuts) | Walnuts with High Certainty (ref = No Nuts) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | LS Mean (95% CL) | LS Mean (95% CL) | p | LS Mean (95% CL) | p | LS Mean (95% CL) | p | |
| Sum of Depression Item Scores * | All | 4.15(3.96, 4.34) | 3.83(3.6, 4.06) | 0.0028 | 3.82(3.59, 4.06) | 0.0037 | 3.28(2.85, 3.71) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 4.66(4.44, 4.87) | 4.14(3.87, 4.40) | 0.0001 | 4.18(3.93, 4.43) | 0.0007 | 3.54(3.08, 4.00) | <0.0001 | |
| Male | 3.65(3.44, 3.86) | 3.53(3.21, 3.84) | 0.4604 | 3.46(3.14, 3.78) | 0.2564 | 3.02(2.38, 3.66) | 0.0533 | |
| OR (95%CL) | p | OR (95%CL) | p | OR (95%CL) | p | |||
| Little interest in doing things ** | All | 0.92(0.81, 1.04) | 0.1716 | 0.86(0.73, 1.02) | 0.0862 | 0.48(0.30, 0.78) | 0.0033 | |
| Female | 0.90(0.78, 1.05) | 0.1804 | 0.83(0.68, 1.01) | 0.0579 | 0.46(0.29, 0.72) | 0.0008 | ||
| Male | 0.93(0.76, 1.14) | 0.4587 | 0.90(0.72, 1.13) | 0.3669 | 0.51(0.24, 1.09) | 0.0825 | ||
| Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless | All | 0.95(0.84, 1.07) | 0.3879 | 0.87(0.73, 1.03) | 0.1143 | 0.63(0.43, 0.93) | 0.0211 | |
| Female | 0.88(0.75, 1.03) | 0.1171 | 0.76(0.62, 0.94) | 0.0119 | 0.58(0.35, 0.95) | 0.0308 | ||
| Male | 1.02(0.84, 1.24) | 0.8633 | 0.99(0.76, 1.29) | 0.9532 | 0.69(0.35, 1.36) | 0.2774 | ||
| Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much | All | 0.93(0.83, 1.05) | 0.2482 | 0.98(0.85, 1.13) | 0.7912 | 0.96(0.69, 1.34) | 0.8151 | |
| Female | 0.89(0.79, 1.01) | 0.0781 | 0.95(0.78, 1.14) | 0.5596 | 1.02(0.70, 1.47) | 0.9310 | ||
| Male | 0.98(0.81, 1.18) | 0.8051 | 1.02(0.85, 1.22) | 0.8578 | 0.91(0.52, 1.59) | 0.7372 | ||
| Feeling tired or having little energy | All | 0.96(0.87, 1.06) | 0.4039 | 0.95(0.85, 1.07) | 0.3966 | 0.74(0.55, 1.00) | 0.0532 | |
| Female | 0.94(0.83, 1.08) | 0.3880 | 0.92(0.79, 1.06) | 0.2422 | 0.69(0.50, 0.96) | 0.0259 | ||
| Male | 0.97(0.82, 1.16) | 0.7661 | 0.99(0.81, 1.21) | 0.9306 | 0.8(0.47, 1.36) | 0.4089 | ||
| Poor appetite or overeating | All | 0.86(0.73, 1.01) | 0.0725 | 0.87(0.75, 1.01) | 0.0696 | 1.00(0.67, 1.49) | 0.9830 | |
| Female | 0.79(0.67, 0.94) | 0.0070 | 0.83(0.70, 0.98) | 0.0290 | 0.77(0.51, 1.18) | 0.2308 | ||
| Male | 0.94(0.72, 1.21) | 0.6153 | 0.91(0.71, 1.16) | 0.4516 | 1.28(0.62, 2.64) | 0.4971 | ||
| Feeling bad about yourself | All | 1.06(0.92, 1.22) | 0.4216 | 1.02(0.88, 1.19) | 0.7550 | 0.68(0.42, 1.10) | 0.1123 | |
| Female | 0.97(0.81, 1.17) | 0.7460 | 1.09(0.88, 1.34) | 0.4267 | 0.63(0.39, 1.02) | 0.0589 | ||
| Male | 1.16(0.92, 1.46) | 0.2178 | 0.97(0.76, 1.23) | 0.7731 | 0.73(0.34, 1.54) | 0.4036 | ||
| Trouble concentrating on things | All | 0.92(0.79, 1.06) | 0.2495 | 0.93(0.78, 1.11) | 0.4141 | 0.53(0.31, 0.90) | 0.0194 | |
| Female | 0.86(0.71, 1.03) | 0.1050 | 0.95(0.76, 1.19) | 0.6593 | 0.70(0.46, 1.09) | 0.1105 | ||
| Male | 0.98(0.77, 1.25) | 0.8732 | 0.91(0.69, 1.19) | 0.4712 | 0.40(0.14, 1.11) | 0.0781 | ||
| Moving or speaking slowly or too fast | All | 0.84(0.68, 1.03) | 0.0993 | 0.86(0.65, 1.13) | 0.2793 | 0.51(0.28, 0.95) | 0.0342 | |
| Female | 0.81(0.63, 1.04) | 0.0954 | 0.73(0.53, 1.01) | 0.0575 | 0.46(0.23, 0.94) | 0.0344 | ||
| Male | 0.87(0.63, 1.21) | 0.4054 | 1.01(0.68, 1.52) | 0.9452 | 0.57(0.18, 1.80) | 0.3310 | ||
| Thought you would be better off dead | All | 0.82(0.59, 1.15) | 0.2459 | 0.46(0.30, 0.70) | 0.0005 | 0.13(0.04, 0.44) | 0.0016 | |
| Female | 0.68(0.47, 1.00) | 0.0487 | 0.46(0.27, 0.80) | 0.0064 | 0.15(0.03, 0.65) | 0.0119 | ||
| Male | 0.99(0.58, 1.70) | 0.9779 | 0.45(0.24, 0.86) | 0.0164 | 0.11(0.01, 0.79) | 0.0284 | ||
| Sum of Depression Item Scores (≥2) | All | 0.92(0.82, 1.02) | 0.1134 | 0.94(0.82, 1.07) | 0.3194 | 0.72(0.52, 1.00) | 0.0520 | |
| Female | 0.90(0.79, 1.03) | 0.1169 | 0.94(0.78, 1.12) | 0.4635 | 0.72(0.50, 1.04) | 0.0823 | ||
| Male | 0.93(0.79, 1.10) | 0.4090 | 0.93(0.78, 1.13) | 0.4739 | 0.73(0.43, 1.23) | 0.2275 | ||
| Sum of Depression Item Scores (≥5) | All | 0.86(0.74, 1.00) | 0.0535 | 0.83(0.70, 0.98) | 0.0286 | 0.39(0.22, 0.71) | 0.0022 | |
| Female | 0.85(0.71, 1.00) | 0.0560 | 0.89(0.74, 1.07) | 0.2289 | 0.48(0.29, 0.78) | 0.0038 | ||
| Male | 0.87(0.69, 1.11) | 0.2593 | 0.77(0.60, 1.00) | 0.0479 | 0.32(0.13, 0.83) | 0.0199 | ||
| Sum of Depression Item Scores (≥10) | All | 0.80(0.64, 1.00) | 0.0503 | 0.67(0.48, 0.93) | 0.0185 | 0.51(0.22, 1.21) | 0.1250 | |
| Female | 0.77(0.58, 1.01) | 0.0617 | 0.62(0.46, 0.84) | 0.0022 | 0.46(0.22, 0.99) | 0.0459 | ||
| Male | 0.83(0.56, 1.23) | 0.3530 | 0.72(0.41, 1.27) | 0.2522 | 0.56(0.11, 2.82) | 0.4801 | ||
Data is from NHANES 2005–2014. Models adjusted for Age, Sex, Race, BMI, Smoking, Alcohol Use, Income, Marital Status, and Interaction between Walnut Consumption and Sex. * Sum of PHQ-9 questions DPQ010–090: Regression model, least square (LS) means are reported. ** Individual item: Logistic regression model, each item is dichotomized into no (0) and some depression symptom (1, 2, or 3). ORs = Odds rations of having depression symptom. Bolded numbers indicate statistically significant results whereas p < 0.05.