Table 4.
Multivariable Associations of Walnut Consumption versus Other Nut Consumption with Depression Scores.
| Other Nuts | No Nuts (ref = Other Nuts) | Walnuts with Other Nuts (ref = Other Nuts) | Walnuts with High Certainty (ref = Other Nuts) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | LS Mean (95% CL) | LS Mean (95% CL) | p | LS Mean (95% CL) | p | LS Mean (95% CL) | p | |
| Sum of DPQ010-090 * | All | 3.83(3.6, 4.06) | 4.15(3.96, 4.34) | 0.0028 | 3.82(3.59, 4.06) | 0.9407 | 3.28(2.85, 3.71) | 0.0134 |
| Female | 4.14(3.87, 4.4) | 4.66(4.44, 4.87) | 0.0001 | 4.18(3.93, 4.43) | 0.7448 | 3.54(3.08, 4.00) | 0.0154 | |
| Male | 3.53(3.21, 3.84) | 3.65(3.44, 3.86) | 0.4604 | 3.46(3.14, 3.78) | 0.7287 | 3.02(2.38, 3.66) | 0.1394 | |
| OR (95% CL) ** | p | OR (95% CL) | p | OR (95% CL) | p | |||
| Little interest in doing things | All | 1.09(0.96, 1.24) | 0.1716 | 0.94(0.78, 1.14) | 0.5404 | 0.53(0.33, 0.85) | 0.0093 | |
| Female | 1.11(0.95, 1.28) | 0.1804 | 0.91(0.74, 1.13) | 0.3980 | 0.51(0.32, 0.8) | 0.0043 | ||
| Male | 1.08(0.88, 1.32) | 0.4587 | 0.97(0.72, 1.31) | 0.8490 | 0.55(0.25, 1.19) | 0.1263 | ||
| Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless | All | 1.06(0.93, 1.20) | 0.3879 | 0.92(0.75, 1.12) | 0.4016 | 0.67(0.45, 1.00) | 0.0488 | |
| Female | 1.13(0.97, 1.33) | 0.1171 | 0.87(0.69, 1.08) | 0.1966 | 0.66(0.39, 1.10) | 0.1077 | ||
| Male | 0.98(0.81, 1.20) | 0.8633 | 0.98(0.71, 1.34) | 0.8766 | 0.68(0.33, 1.39) | 0.2868 | ||
| Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much | All | 1.07(0.95, 1.20) | 0.2482 | 1.05(0.87, 1.27) | 0.6134 | 1.03(0.72, 1.47) | 0.8773 | |
| Female | 1.12(0.99, 1.27) | 0.0781 | 1.06(0.85, 1.32) | 0.6126 | 1.14(0.79, 1.64) | 0.4937 | ||
| Male | 1.02(0.85, 1.23) | 0.8051 | 1.04(0.81, 1.34) | 0.7556 | 0.93(0.51, 1.69) | 0.8121 | ||
| Feeling tired or having little energy | All | 1.04(0.94, 1.15) | 0.4039 | 0.99(0.86, 1.14) | 0.9362 | 0.77(0.57, 1.05) | 0.1010 | |
| Female | 1.06(0.93, 1.21) | 0.3880 | 0.97(0.81, 1.17) | 0.7550 | 0.73(0.53, 1.00) | 0.0525 | ||
| Male | 1.03(0.86, 1.22) | 0.7661 | 1.02(0.78, 1.33) | 0.8963 | 0.82(0.48, 1.43) | 0.4822 | ||
| Poor appetite or overeating | All | 1.16(0.99, 1.37) | 0.0725 | 1.01(0.84, 1.21) | 0.9170 | 1.16(0.75, 1.79) | 0.5055 | |
| Female | 1.27(1.07, 1.50) | 0.0070 | 1.05(0.85, 1.29) | 0.6591 | 0.98(0.63, 1.53) | 0.9254 | ||
| Male | 1.07(0.82, 1.38) | 0.6153 | 0.97(0.72, 1.31) | 0.8562 | 1.37(0.62, 3.01) | 0.4323 | ||
| Feeling bad about yourself | All | 0.94(0.82, 1.09) | 0.4216 | 0.97(0.8, 1.17) | 0.7274 | 0.64(0.39, 1.05) | 0.0767 | |
| Female | 1.03(0.86, 1.24) | 0.7460 | 1.12(0.87, 1.44) | 0.3737 | 0.65(0.40, 1.06) | 0.0854 | ||
| Male | 0.87(0.69, 1.09) | 0.2178 | 0.84(0.64, 1.09) | 0.1841 | 0.63(0.29, 1.39) | 0.2495 | ||
| Trouble concentrating on things | All | 1.09(0.94, 1.27) | 0.2495 | 1.01(0.83, 1.24) | 0.8927 | 0.58(0.33, 1.01) | 0.0547 | |
| Female | 1.17(0.97, 1.41) | 0.1050 | 1.11(0.85, 1.45) | 0.4272 | 0.82(0.51, 1.32) | 0.4096 | ||
| Male | 1.02(0.80, 1.30) | 0.8732 | 0.92(0.68, 1.26) | 0.6171 | 0.41(0.14, 1.16) | 0.0907 | ||
| Moving or speaking slowly or too fast | All | 1.19(0.97, 1.47) | 0.0993 | 1.02(0.72, 1.45) | 0.8896 | 0.61(0.32, 1.17) | 0.1355 | |
| Female | 1.24(0.96, 1.59) | 0.0954 | 0.90(0.59, 1.38) | 0.6335 | 0.57(0.27, 1.23) | 0.1498 | ||
| Male | 1.15(0.83, 1.58) | 0.4054 | 1.16(0.69, 1.95) | 0.5672 | 0.65(0.2, 2.13) | 0.4720 | ||
| Thought you would be better off dead | All | 1.21(0.87, 1.69) | 0.2459 | 0.56(0.35, 0.88) | 0.0128 | 0.15(0.04, 0.57) | 0.0057 | |
| Female | 1.46(1.00, 2.13) | 0.0487 | 0.68(0.36, 1.28) | 0.2265 | 0.22(0.05, 1.01) | 0.0518 | ||
| Male | 1.01(0.59, 1.72) | 0.9779 | 0.46(0.24, 0.88) | 0.0188 | 0.11(0.01, 0.87) | 0.0369 | ||
| Sum of DPQ010-090(≥2) | All | 1.09(0.98, 1.21) | 0.1134 | 1.02(0.86, 1.21) | 0.8261 | 0.79(0.57, 1.1) | 0.1595 | |
| Female | 1.11(0.97, 1.26) | 0.1169 | 1.04(0.83, 1.29) | 0.7403 | 0.8(0.54, 1.18) | 0.2597 | ||
| Male | 1.07(0.91, 1.26) | 0.4090 | 1.00(0.77, 1.29) | 0.9903 | 0.78(0.45, 1.33) | 0.3561 | ||
| Sum of DPQ010-090(≥5) | All | 1.16(1.00, 1.35) | 0.0535 | 0.96(0.79, 1.18) | 0.7234 | 0.46(0.25, 0.84) | 0.0120 | |
| Female | 1.18(1.00, 1.40) | 0.0560 | 1.06(0.85, 1.31) | 0.6155 | 0.57(0.34, 0.95) | 0.0312 | ||
| Male | 1.14(0.90, 1.45) | 0.2593 | 0.88(0.64, 1.21) | 0.4269 | 0.37(0.14, 1.00) | 0.0510 | ||
| Sum of DPQ010-090(≥10) | All | 1.25(1.00, 1.57) | 0.0503 | 0.84(0.59, 1.19) | 0.3105 | 0.64(0.26, 1.58) | 0.3271 | |
| Female | 1.3(0.99, 1.72) | 0.0617 | 0.81(0.55, 1.18) | 0.2632 | 0.6(0.27, 1.36) | 0.2175 | ||
| Male | 1.2(0.81, 1.78) | 0.3530 | 0.86(0.47, 1.58) | 0.6317 | 0.68(0.13, 3.58) | 0.6429 | ||
Data is from NHANES 2005–2014. Models adjusted for Age, Sex, Race, BMI, Smoking, Alcohol Use, Income, Marital Status, and Interaction between Walnut Consumption and Sex. * Sum of PHQ-9 questions DPQ010-090: Regression model, LS means are reported. ** Individual item: Logistic regression model, each item is dichotomized into no (0) and some depression symptom (1, 2, or 3). ORs = Odds rations of having depression symptom. Bolded numbers indicate statistically significant results whereas p < 0.05.