Table 1.
Recent clinical studies investigating the effect of egg consumption on T2D
| Egg Dose | Subjects | Duration | Study Design | Primary and Secondary Outcomes | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 eggs/day [52] | 37 women with metabolic syndrome *; aged 30–70 years | 12 weeks | Randomized, single blind, parallel design | Plasma lipids, apolipoprotein, oxLDL, CETP and LCAT | Improved HDL, large HDL particles, total and medium VLDL particles, HOMA-IR, and LCAT activity |
| 2 eggs/day [53] | 65 subjects with T2D or impaired glucose tolerance; aged 54 ± 8.2; BMI 34.1 ± 4.8 kg/m2 |
12 weeks | Randomized, controlled, parallel design | Blood lipid, glucose, insulin, HbA1c, CRP and apoprotein-B, homocystein | Increased HDL cholesterol; improved glycemic and lipid profiles |
| Egg breakfast [57] | 21 healthy men; aged 20–70 years | 1 week | Randomized, Cross-over | Fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY | Less variation in plasma glucose and insulin; reduced ghrelin response and energy intake |
| 2 eggs per day [58] | 34 adults with T2D (14 postmenopausal women and 20 men); mean age = 64.5 years | 12 weeks | Randomized, controlled, single-blind, cross-over | Glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, visceral fat rating, waist circumference, and percent body fat | Reduced body mass index, visceral fat, waist circumference and percent body fat; unchanged glycemic control |
| High-egg diet (≥12 eggs/week) or low-egg diet (<2 eggs/week) [54] | 140 aged subjects with prediabetes or T2D; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 |
3 months | Randomized, controlled, parallel-arm | Plasma blood glucose, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, apolipoprotein B, CRP | No significant changes between groups |
| High-egg diet (≥12 eggs/week) or low-egg diet (<2 eggs/week) [59] | 128 subjects with prediabetes or T2D; aged ≥18 years; BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 12 months | Randomized, controlled, parallel-arm | Plasma glucose, HbA1c, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, traditional serum lipids, markers of inflammation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, soluble E-selectin, oxidative stress, and adiponectin | No significant changes between groups |
* The National cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III report definition [60]. cholesteryl ester transfer protein: CETP; C-reactive protein: CRP; glucagon-like peptide 1: GLP-1; lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase: LCAT; total cholesterol: TC; triglyceride: TG; oxidized LDL: oxLDL.