Table 1. Non-MDS with cytopenia and/or >10% dysplasia (adopted from Castello A, 1992).

· Drug/toxins including recent(<6months) chemotherapy and alcohol abuse

· metabolic deficiencies; Vit B12, folate, copper, etc.

· “Stress erythropoiesis” due to hemoglobinopathy or hemolytic anemias

· Infections such as HIV and hepatitis C

· Autoimmune diseases

· Neoplasms other than MDS; Hairy cell leukemia, myeloma, large granular lymphocytosis, etc.