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Effects of a GSK-3β inhibitor (BIO) on Wnt and BMP-2 signaling of VICs. BIO at 1 μM attenuated the upregulation of RUNX2 (A), GSK-3β (B), and p-SMAD1/5/8 (C) in OST medium treated VICs. Protein expression was analyzed using Western blot. β-actin was used as an internal control. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 7). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005.
