Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| First Author, Year, Country | Study design | Measurement of ADMA | Paticipants | Group | Diabetes duration (years) | Criteria | N | Age, years | M/F | Disease duration (years) | ADMA, mean±SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jayachandran, 2017, India | case- control | ELISA | Type 2 DM | NB | NR | <30 μg/mg UACR | 45 | 46.4±8.4 | 28/17 | NR | 0.62±0.27 |
| MIC | NR | 30-299 μg/mg UACR | 45 | 52.2±5.9 | 36/9 | NR | 0.79±0.20 | ||||
| MAC | NR | ≥ 300 μg/mg UACR | 45 | 51.8±6.7 | 34/11 | NR | 0.85±0.27 | ||||
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| Bekpinar, 2015, Turkey | case- control | HPLC | Type 2 DM | NB | 9.3±1.2 | <30 mg/day UAER | 30 | 54.2±1.3 | 12/18 | 9.3±1.2 | 0.775±0.115 |
| MIC | 12.7±1.5 | 30-300 mg/day UAER | 30 | 59.4±1.5 | 17/13 | 12.7±1.5 | 0.724±0.142 | ||||
| MAC | 14.1±1.3 | > 300 mg/day UAER | 30 | 61.8±1.36 | 16/14 | 14.1±1.3 | 0.78±0.153 | ||||
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| Tanhauserováa, 2012, Czech Republic | cross- sectional | HPLC | T1DM & T2DM | NB | 16(11-23) | <30 mg/day UAER | 71 | 52(36-64) | NR | 16(11-23) | 0.36±0.059 |
| MIC | 11(7-19) | 30-300 mg/day UAER | 115 | 66(56-75) | NR | 11(7-19) | 0.41±0.052 | ||||
| MAC | 17(10-22) | >300 mg/day UAER | 155 | 65(60-74) | NR | 17(10-22) | 0.41±0.067 | ||||
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| Krzyzanowska, 2011, Austria | cross- sectional | HPLC | Type 2 DM | Non-DR | 9 (4–16) | ETDRS | 60 | 62(54-69) | 41/19 | 9 (4–16) | 0.55±0.14 |
| DR | 14 (10–17) | ETDRS | 67 | 64 (56-73) | 37/30 | 14 (10–17) | 0.62±0.32 | ||||
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| Yasar, 2011, Turkey | case- control | IMA | T1DM & T2DM | Non-DN | 9.1±6.3 | NSST | 28 | 58.1±15.5 | NR | 9.1±6.3 | 0.51±0.51 |
| DN | 12.2±7.4 | NSST | 30 | 62.9±11.1 | NR | 12.2±7.4 | 0.53±0.49 | ||||
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| Abhary, 2009, Australia | case- control | HPLC | T1DM & T2DM | Non-DR | NR | ETDRS | 330 | NR | NR | NR | 0.67±0.14 |
| DR | NR | ETDRS | 175 | NR | NR | NR | 0.72±0.19 | ||||
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| Yonem, 2009, Turkey | cross- sectional | ELISA | Type 2 DM | Non-DR | 6.4±5.5 | NR | 41 | 52.6±9.4 | 23/18 | 6.4±5.5 | 0.93±0.42 |
| DR | 13.5±8.3 | NR | 38 | 58.3±9.7 | 20/18 | 13.5±8.3 | 0.84±0.34 | ||||
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| Makino, 2008, Japan | cross- sectional | HPLC | Type 2 DM | NB | 12±8 | <30 mg/day UAER | 121 | 62±9 | 76/45 | 12±8 | 0.45±0.06 |
| MIC | 14±8 | 30-300 mg/day UAER | 71 | 65±8 | 34/37 | 14±8 | 0.47±0.07 | ||||
| MAC | 18±8 | >300 mg/day UAER | 25 | 66±7 | 12/13 | 18±8 | 0.55±0.11 | ||||
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| Krzyzanowska, 2007, Austria | cross- sectional | HPLC | Type 2 DM | NB | 9(4-14) | <30 mg/day UAER | 36 | 62(56-69) | 18/18 | 9(4-14) | 0.55±0.11 |
| MIC | 10(3-18) | 30-300 mg/day UAER | 40 | 63(56-72) | 28/12 | 10(3-18) | 0.61±0.11 | ||||
| MAC | 14(6-22) | >300 mg/day UAER | 27 | 66(61-74) | 17/10 | 14(6-22) | 0.62±0.22 | ||||
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| Malecki, 2007, Poland | case- control | HPLC | Type 2 DM | Non-DR | NR | NR | 111 | 56.2±6.5 | NR | NR | 0.51±0.06 |
| DR | NR | NR | 71 | 56.2±6.5 | NR | NR | 0.60±0.06 | ||||
M, male; F, male; NB, normoalbuminuria; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; MIC, microalbuminuric; MAC, macroalbuminuric; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; UACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio; UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate; ETDRS, the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification; NR, not reported; IMA, Immunosorbent Assay; NSST, Neuropathy Symptom Score test; DN: diabetic neuropathy; DR: diabetic retinopathy.