Table 2.
Outcomes ofsubgroup analyses.
| Outcomes | No. of studies | MD (95%CI) | P A | Heterogeneity test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | I2 (%) | ||||
| All studies | 15 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 77.0 |
| Complications | |||||
| MIC | 5 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.07) | 0.028 | <0.001 | 80.1 |
| MAC | 5 | 0.08 (0.03, 0.13) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 74.6 |
| DR | 4 | 0.07 (0.03, 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.068 | 58.0 |
| DN | 1 | 0.02 (-0.24, 0.28) | 0.879 | - - | - - |
| Area | |||||
| Asian | 4 | 0.12 (0.03, 0.20) | 0.006 | <0.001 | 89.6 |
| Western | 11 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 66.0 |
| Type of research | |||||
| Case-control | 7 | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | 0.009 | <0.001 | 82.6 |
| Cross-sectional | 8 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | <0.001 | 0.031 | 54.6 |
| Participants | |||||
| T2DM | 11 | 0.03 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 83.2 |
| T1DM&T2DM | 4 | 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) | <0.001 | 0.997 | 0.0 |
| Measurement of ADMA | |||||
| ELISA | 3 | 0.12 (-0.04, 0.27) | 0.148 | 0.007 | 80.0 |
| HPLC | 11 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 77.3 |
| IMA | 1 | 0.02 (-0.24, 0.28) | 0.879 | - - | - - |
P A: P value for test of the association; MIC, microalbuminuria; MAC, macroalbuminuria; IMA, Immunosorbent Assay; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; DN: diabetic neuropathy; DR: diabetic retinopathy; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine.