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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Neurobiol. 2018 Dec 24;175:1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.002

Figure 3: Structural and functional neuronal impairments in MIA offspring.

Figure 3:

Reduced dendritic branching (Baharnoori et al., 2009; Fernandez de Cossio et al., 2017; Li et al., 2014; Zhang and van Praag, 2015) and dendritic spine density have been observed in MIA (Coiro et al., 2015). Altered innervation of dendritic spines was observed in the cortex and the cerebellum (Coiro et al., 2015; Pendyala et al., 2017). Impaired synaptic transmission, mainly in the form of reduced synaptic transmission (Canetta et al., 2016; Coiro et al., 2015; Ito et al., 2010; Oh-Nishi et al., 2010; Patrich et al., 2016a; Shin Yim et al., 2017; Zhang and van Praag, 2015) has been observed in the cortex and hippocampus. In addition to the synaptic impairments, neurons in the hippocampus have altered membrane properties that result in reduced excitability (Patrich et al., 2016b).