Table 2:
Alterations in neurotransmitter systems
| Age | Alteration | Immunogen | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| <P0 | ↑ choline acetyltransferase (basal forebrain) | Poly (I:C) | Pratt et al., 2013 |
| ↑ mGluR5 (whole brain) | Poly (I:C) or LPS | Arsenault et al., 2014 | |
| ↑ GABA; ↓ Glutamate (whole brain) | LPS | Batinić et al., 2017 | |
| P0–7 | ↓ 5HT1A and 5HT1B mRNA (frontal cortex) | LPS | Baharnoori et al., 2010 |
| P8–21 | ↑ mGluR5 (right hemisphere) | Poly (I:C) | Arsenault et al., 2014 |
| P22–35 | ↑ GABAA receptor α2 and α4 subunits mRNA (mPFC) | Poly (I:C) | Richetto et al., 2014 |
| ↓ Gria1, Gria2, and
Slc17a7 mRNA (cortex); ↑ Gria1, Gria2, and Slc17a7 mRNA (hippocampus) |
Poly (I:C) | Tang et al., 2013 | |
| ↓ Grin1, Grin2a,
Grin2b mRNA (hippocampus); ↓ GABA (frontal cortex) |
Poly (I:C) | Fujita et al., 2016 | |
| ↓ DAT immunoreactivity (caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens) | Poly (I:C) | Vuillermot et al., 2010 | |
| ↓ D2R (PFC); ↓ DAT (nucleus accumbens core and shell) |
LPS | Baharnoori et al., 2010 | |
| >P60 | ↓ GABAA receptor α2,
α4, and α5 subunits mRNA, ↑ GABAA receptor α4 subunit mRNA (mPFC) |
Poly (I:C) | Richetto et al., 2014 |
| ↓ GAD67, parvalbumin (dorsal hippocampus) | Poly (I:C) | Luoni et al., 2017 | |
| ↓ Gria1 mRNA (cortex and hippocampus); | Poly (I:C) | Tang et al., 2013 | |
| ↓ Gria2 mRNA (striatum) | |||
| ↓ EAAT3 expression | LPS | Kentner et al., 2016 | |
| ↑ NMDAR channels (cingulate cortex,
striatum); ↑ NR2A (hippocampus, cortex, striatum); ↑ NR2A:NR2B ratio (hippocampus); ↑ Grin1 mRNA (nucleus accumbens shell);↑ Grin2a mRNA (cortex, DG, CA1) |
Poly (I:C) | Rahman et al., 2017 | |
| ↑ GABAA receptor α1 and α2 subunits mRNA (ventral hippocampus); ↑ α3 subunit mRNA (cortex) | Poly (I:C) | Richetto et al., 2015 | |
| ↑ dopamine (nucleus accumbens) | Poly (I:C) | Giovanoli et al., 2013 | |
| ↑ dopamine receptor 1 mRNA (hippocampus) | Poly (I:C) | Buschert et al., 2016 | |
| ↓ D1R and D2R immunoreactivity
(mPFC); ↓ GluR1 immunoreactivity (nucleus accumbens shell) |
Poly (I:C) | Meyer et al., 2008b | |
| ↑ alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA (hippocampus) | Poly (I:C) | Wu et al., 2015 | |
| ↑ Acetylcholine (striatum); ↑ glutamate (ventral hippocampus) | LPS | Batinić et al., 2017 | |
| ↑ D1R immunoreactivity (caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens shell); ↑ D2R immunoreactivity (nucleus accumbens shell) | Poly (I:C) | Vuillermot et al., 2010 | |
| ↑ dopamine (PFC, lateral globus
pallidus); ↓ serotonin (nucleus accumbens, lateral globus pallidus, hippocampus) |
Poly (I:C) | Winter et al., 2009 | |
| ↑ 5-HT2A (males, PFC) | LPS | Wischhof et al., 2015a | |
| ↑ Serotonin transporter (hippocampus) | Poly (I:C) | Reisinger et al., 2016 | |
| ↓ D1R immunoreactivity
(mPFC); ↓ NR1 immunoreactivity (dorsal hippocampus); ↑ GABAA receptor α2 subunit immunoreactivity (ventral hippocampus) |
Poly (I:C) | Meyer et al., 2008c | |
| ↑ D1R mRNA (nucleus accumbens) | Poly (I:C) | Meehan et al., 2017 | |
| ↓ D2R expression (PFC) | LPS | Baharnoori et al., 2013 | |
| ↓ dopamine (striatum) | LPS | Kirsten et al., 2010 |
Abbreviations: 5HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; D1R/D2R: dopamine receptor 1/2; DAT: dopamine transporter; EAAT: excitatory amino acid transporter