Table 3:
Alterations in maternal cytokines
| Time after MIA | Alteration | Immunogen | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 hour | ↑ IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL- 15, IL-17A, IL-27p28, TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL2, MCP-1(1) | 1 or 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Mueller et al., 2018 |
| 1.5 hours | ↑ IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α (wild type); ↑ IL-10; ↓ IL-6, TNF-α (transgenic mice overexpressing IL-10 in macrophages, compared to wild type) (2) | 2 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Meyer et al., 2008a |
| 2 hours | ↑ IL-6, TNF-α (3) | 0.05 mg/kg LPS, i.p. | Ashdown et al., 2006 |
| ↑ IL-17a (3) | 75 μg/kg LPS, i.p. | Wu et al., 2018 | |
| ↑ IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α (wild type); ↓ IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α (in Nurr1 heterozygous mice compared to wild type) (2) | 2 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Vuillermot et al., 2012 | |
| 3 hours | ↑ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α (2) | 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Meyer et al., 2006b |
| ↑ IL-6, TNF-α (3) | 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Connor et al., 2012 | |
| ↑ IL-1β, TNF-α (4) | 4 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Ballendine et al., 2015 | |
| ↑ IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α (1) | 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Giovanoli et al., 2015 | |
| ↑ IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α (3) | 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. | Choi et al., 2016 | |
| ↑ Eotaxin, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17, MCP-1, RANTES, TNF-α (4) | 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. | Money et al., 2017 | |
| ↑ TNF-α (3) | 0.25, 0.1, and 0.05 mg/kg LPS, i.p. (consecutive days) | Schaafsma et al., 2017 | |
| ↑ IL-1β, IL-6 (3) | 0.05 mg/kg LPS, i.p. | Ashdown et al., 2006 | |
| 4 hours | ↑ IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α (2) | 1 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Giovanoli et al., 2013 |
| ↑ IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α (wild type); ↑ IL-10; ↓ IL-6, TNF-α (transgenic mice overexpressing IL-10 in macrophages, compared to wild type) (2) | 2 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Meyer et al., 2008a | |
| 5 hours | ↑ IL-10/TNF-α ratio (2) | 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Meyer et al., 2006a |
| 6 hours | ↑ IL-6, IL-10 (2) | 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Meyer et al., 2006b |
| ↑ IL-1β (5), TNF-α (3, 5) | 4 mg/kg Poly (I:C), s.c. | Missault et al., 2014 | |
| ↑ IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL- 17A, IL-27p28, TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL2, MCP-1; ↑/↓ IL-4 (depending on caging conditions) (1) | 1 or 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. | Mueller et al., 2018 | |
| ↑ IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-17a, TNF-α (3) | 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. | Choi et al., 2016 | |
| >24 hours | ↑ IL-6 (24 hours; no difference at 48 hours) (6) | 2 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. | Goeden et al., 2016 |
Superscripts indicate methods used to measure cytokines:
(1)
V-Plex electrochemiluminescence assay
(2)
Multiplexed particle-based flow cytometry assay
(3)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(4)
Bead- based multiplex assay
(5)
qPCR
(6)
Cytometric bead array
For the studies in this table, the immunogen was administered via either intraperitoneal (i.p.), intravenous (i.v.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection.