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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Neurobiol. 2018 Dec 24;175:1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.002

Table 5:

Alterations in brain cytokines during development of MIA offspring

Age Alteration Immunogen References
<P0 ↑ IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA (whole brain) (1) 500 μg/kg LPS, i.p. on 2 consecutive days Cai et al., 2000
↓ Fas ligand, fractalkine, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, lympotactin, M-CSF, MIG, MIP-1α, TARC, TECK, TNF-α,VCAM-1 (whole brain) (2) 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Ehninger, 2014
↑ TNF-α (whole brain) (3) 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. or 120 μg/kg LPS, i.p. (3 consecutive days) Arsenault et al., 2014
↑ IlL-6 mRNA (whole brain) (4) 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Wu et al., 2015
↑ Il6 mRNA (whole brain) (4); ↑ IL-4, IL-6, IP-10 (whole brain, IL-6+/− offspring, WT mother) (5) 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Wu et al., 2017
↑ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 mRNA (whole brain) (4) 50 μg/kg LPS, i.p. O’Loughlin et al., 2017
P0–7 ↑ IL-1β (P1); ↓ TNF-α (P7) mRNA (whole brain) (4) 300 μg/kg LPS, i.p. (2 consecutive days) Rousset et al., 2006
↑ GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-10, IL- 12(p70);
↓ IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12(p40) (frontal cortex); ↑ IFNγ, IL-12(p70), IL-17;
↓ IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 (cingulate cortex); ↑ IL-6, IL-9; ↓ IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 (hippocampus) (5) 		20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Garay et al., 2013
↑ FasL, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6; ↓ Eotaxin-2 (cerebellum) (2) 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Pendyala et al., 2017
↑ IL-1β mRNA (amygdala) (4) 50 μg/kg LPS, i.p. O’Loughlin et al., 2017
↓ GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13 (frontal cortex); ↓ GM- CSF, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17 (cingulate cortex); ↑ IL-1α, IL-6; ↓ IL-2, IL-5, IL-9 (hippocampus) (5) 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Garay et al., 2013
P8–21 ↑ MIP-1γ; ↓ ICAM-1, IL-10 (2); ↑ TNF-α (2,3) (cerebellum) 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Pendyala et al., 2017
↓ G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-5, IL- 6,
IL-10, IL-12(p40), IL-12(P70) (frontal cortex);
↓ G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10,
IL-12(p40), IL-12(p70), IL-17 (cingulate cortex); ↓ IL-6 (hippocampus) (5) 		20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Garay et al., 2013
P22–35 ↑ MIP-1γ; ↓ IFNγ, IL-17 (cerebellum) (2) 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Pendyala et al., 2017
↑ IL-1α, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10 (frontal cortex); ↑ IFNγ, IL-10 (cingulate cortex) (5) 20 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.p. Garay et al., 2013
>P60 Increased IL-1β (hippocampus) (6) 5 mg/kg Poly (I:C), i.v. Giovanoli et al., 2016b

Abbreviations: FasL: fas ligand; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN: interferon; M-CSF: macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MIG: monokine induced by interferon-gamma; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; TARC: thymus and activation-regulated chemokine; TECK: thymus expressed chemokine; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule

Superscripts indicate methods used to measure cytokines:

(1)

RT-PCR

(2)

Cytokine antibody array

(3)

Western blot

(4)

qRT-PCR

(5)

Bead-based multiplex assay

(6)

Meso-Scale Discovery V-Plex electrochemiluminescence assay

For the studies in this table, the immunogen was administered via either intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection.