Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the studied cases and the controls
| Parameter | Statistical parameter | Group 1 (patients) (N = 36) |
Group 2 (controls) (N = 36) |
Statistical test | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age (weeks) | Mean ± SD | 38.27 ± 0.95 | 38.05 ± 1.05 | 0.66 | 0.5 | |
| Gender | Male: | No. (%) | 26 (72.2) | 22 (61.1) | 0.5 | 0.48 |
| Female: | No. (%) | 10 (27.8) | 14 (38.9) | |||
| Mode of delivery | NVD | No. (%) | 28 (77.7%) | 12 (33.3%) | 1.77 | 0.18 |
| CS | No. (%) | 8 (22.2%) | 24 (66.7%) | |||
| Birth weight (kg) | Mean ± SD | 3.16 ± 0.47 | 3.15 ± 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.89 | |
| Apgar score | at 1 min | Mean ± SD | 2.5 ± 0.51 | 6.3 ± 0.84 | 16.5 | 0.001* |
| at 5 min | Mean ± SD | 5 ± 0.87 | 8.7 ± 0.64 | 14.5 | 0.001* | |
| Maternal risk factors | Maternal preeclampsia | No. (%) | 10 (27.8%) | 8 (22.2%) | 1.59 | 0.02* |
| Maternal diabetes mellitus | No. (%) | 8 (22.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 2.09 | 0.14 | |
| PROM | No. (%) | 8 (22.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 1.12 | 0.28 | |
| Antepartum hemorrhage | No. (%) | 10 (27.8%) | 2 (5.6%) | 5.8 | 0.016* | |
| Maternal risk factors | Maternal renal failure | No. (%) | 8 (22.2%) | 0 (0%) | 2.11 | 0.14 |
| Sarnat and Sarnat Staging of HIE: | Stage 1 | No. (%) | 16 (44.4%) | - | - | - |
| Stage 2 | No. (%) | 12 (33.3%) | - | |||
| Stage 3 | No. (%) | 8 (22.2%) | - | |||
| Resuscitation steps | Free oxygen flow | No. (%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (38.9%) | 8.69 | 0.003* |
| Assisted ventilation (Ambu bagging only) | No. (%) | 16 (44.4%) | 22 (61.1%) | 1 | 0.31 | |
| ETT | No. (%) | 12 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 7.2 | 0.007 | |
| Chest compression | No. (%) | 6 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 3.27 | 0.07 | |
| Medications | No. (%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1.02 | 0.31 | |
| Impaired conscious level | Alert | No. (%) | 22 (61.1%) | 36 (100%) | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Lethargy | No. (%) | 8 (22.2%) | 0 (0%) | 5.09 | 0.00 | |
| Coma | No. (%) | 6 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2.4 | 0.00 | |
| Muscle tone | Normotonia | No. (%) | 20 (55.6%) | 36 (100%) | 1.68 | 0.9 |
| Hypotonia | No. (%) | 12 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 9.8 | 0.00 | |
| Hypertonia | No. (%) | 6 (16.1%) | 0 (0%) | 9.12 | 0.00 | |
| Tendon reflexes | Normal | No. (%) | 24 (66.7%) | 36 (100%) | 0.27 | 0.7 |
| Abnormal | No. (%) | 12 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 9.5 | 0.00 | |
| Convulsions | No convulsions | No. (%) | 18 (50%) | 36 (100%) | 0.94 | 0.56 |
| Tonic–clonic | No. (%) | 12 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 17.9 | 0.001* | |
| Subtle | No. (%) | 6 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 10.4 | 0.001* | |
SD = standard deviation, PROM = premature rupture of membrane, NVD = normal vaginal delivery, CS = ciserean section *P value <0.05 significant