Title of the instrument	Conceptions on learning and memory (all items positively formulated = scientifically accurate)
Introductory text	Questionnaire on Learning and the Brain. The following statements concern learning and the brain. Please read through the following statements carefully, marking your level of agreement with each. Please answer honestly and select only one answer option for each statement. Make sure not to skip any statements.
Scale: Scientific concepts scale		rit
To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
MEM	Learning occurs through modification of the brains’ neural connections.1	0.48
MEM	The forging of new connections in the brain can continue into old age.2	0.30
HEM	The left and right hemispheres of the brain always work together in processing information.2	0.33
BA	Our brains are active 24 h a day.2	0.29
BA	Processes to consolidate what we have learned occur during sleep.	0.40
DEV	There are sensitive periods in childhood when it’s easier to learn things.1	0.52
SEN	Individual learners show preferences for the mode in which they receive information (e.g., visual, auditory, kinesthetic).1	0.22
LT	Learners’ cognitive abilities can improve with intensive training.	0.32
LT	Learning material can be remembered longer when it is actively worked through rather than read.	0.32
NEU	When one brain region is damaged due to injury, other parts of the brain can take up its function.2	0.39
GEN	Male brains are bigger than female brains.2	0.22
	Cronbach’s alpha (α) 0.66
Scale: Misconceptions scale (neuromyths) (all items positively formulated = neuromyths)		rit
To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
MEM	The brain works like a hard drive. Information is stored at specific locations.3	0.58
MEM	Our genetically determined number of brain cells determines the maximum level at which we can learn.4	0.32
HEM	The right brain hemisphere is more involved in creative thought processes, and the left in logical thought processes.	0.31
HEM	Every person uses the right and left hemispheres to a different extent. This can explain differences amongst learners.2	0.45
HEM	Short bouts of co-ordination exercises can improve the interaction between the left and right hemispheres.2	0.23
BA	It is possible to learn while we sleep via the acoustic channel (e.g., audio recordings of vocabulary lists).	0.51
DEV	If the brain is not sufficiently supported in early childhood, learning problems that can no longer be remediated by education can occur.2	0.43
DEV	Learners are most receptive to learning processes from birth to the third year of life.4	0.46
SEN	Individuals learn better when they receive information in their preferred learning style (e.g., auditory, visual, kinesthetic).1	0.50
LT	Learners perform better when they are able to study different topics systematically one-by-one rather than intermingled with one another.	0.34
NEU	We only use 10% of our brain.1	0.43
	Cronbach’s alpha (α) 0.76

N = 76; answer format = 4-point Likert scale (1 – disagree, 2 – somewhat disagree, 3 – somewhat agree, 4 – agree); ¹according to Dekker et al. (2012).; ²concretized on the basis of items from Dekker et al. (2012); ³based on Howard-Jones et al. (2009), concretized in accordance with Schletter and Bayrhuber (1998); ⁴developed on the basis of Bellert and Graham (2013); MEM = memory; HEM = hemispheric asymmetry; BA = brain activity; DEV = development; SEN = sensory modalities; LT = learning techniques; NEU = neuroplasticity; GEN = gender differences; r_it, discrimination parameters, listed here for the German translations of the items.