A, Normal aortic valve anatomy with an opening angle of 75 degrees,
flow jet angle (θ1, which measures
displacement of peak systolic flow [arrow] from vessel
midline). B, BAV showing restricted valve opening (opening angle of 60 degrees),
displaced flow jet with associated θ1,
displaced high-flow velocities near the vessel wall leading to asymmetrically
increased WSS at the aortic convexity. WSS, Wall shear stress.
Reproduced with permission from Burris and Hope.97