Figure 2.

Overview of applications based on Cas9. (A) Nuclease Cas9 directed by a gRNA can induce insertion or deletion mutations; (B) a pair of Cas9 nucleases directed by a gRNA may induce sequence-specific replacement or insertion, large deletions or genomic rearrangements (such as inversions or trans-locations); (C) double cutting by nCas9 to improve the specificity of editing; (D) visualization of specific sites in the genome by dCas9; (E) dCas9 can mediate the regulation of specific endogenous genes by heterologous effector domains or performing histone modifications or DNA methylation. gRNA, guide RNA.