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. 2019 Feb 21;6(3):525–536. doi: 10.1002/acn3.724

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© 2019 The Authors. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc on behalf of American Neurological Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Alterations in xanthine metabolites in patients with parkin‐linked Parkinson's disease. (A) Caffeine is metabolized into three primary metabolites: theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine. (B) Significantly lower levels of caffeine and its metabolites were detected in serum from patients compared with controls. Green (P < 0.05) columns indicate a significantly lower metabolite ratio and trending lower level of metabolites than controls, respectively. Black columns indicate no significant differences between patients and control subjects. (C) Spearman correlation analysis revealed positive correlation between daily consumption and serum concentration of caffeine and its metabolites such as paraxanthine and theophylline in control subjects, whereas no correlation was observed in patients with parkin mutations. AFMU, 5‐acetylamino‐6‐formylamino‐3‐methyluracil; Parkin, parkin‐linked Parkinson's disease.