Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with angina pectoris grouped by the values of flow-mediated dilation (FMD).
| Total (n = 81) | Low FMD (n = 40) | High FMD (n = 41) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical variables | ||||
| Age (years) | 68 (60–77) | 64 (59–78) | 72.0 (61–77) | 0.688 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 56 (69) | 26 (65) | 30 (73) | 0.477 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25 (23–28) | 25 (23–27) | 25 (24–28) | 0.395 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 35 (43) | 20 (50) | 15 (37) | 0.266 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 52 (64) | 30 (75) | 22 (54) | 0.064 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 32 (40) | 17 (43) | 15 (37) | 0.653 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 12 (15) | 8 (20) | 4 (10) | 0.226 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 2 (3) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.241 |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 9 (11) | 6 (15) | 3 (7) | 0.312 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.9 (11.5–14.2) | 12.4 (11.4–14.1) | 12.9 (11.8–14.3) | 0.539 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 67.6 (52.9–76.6) | 60.3 (44.7–73.0) | 69.9 (58.6–80.0) | 0.014 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 99.0 (92.0–122.0) | 100.5 (91.0–122.0) | 98.0 (92.0–140.5) | 0.704 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 157.5 (138.3–176.0) | 160.0 (135.5–172.8) | 156.0 (145.8–189.0) | 0.283 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 111.0 (87.0–132.8) | 111.5 (91.8–144.8) | 106.0 (86.0–128.5) | 0.416 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.1 (4.9–7.3) | 6.1 (4.7–7.2) | 6.3 (5.2–7.3) | 0.470 |
| Cardiac catheterization | ||||
| Significant CAD | 51 (63) | 27 (68) | 24 (59) | 0.492 |
| SYNTAX score | 6.5 (0.0–15.0) | 7.0 (0.0–20.0) | 4.0 (0.0–14.8) | 0.227 |
| LVEDP (mmHg) | 22.0 (18.0–27.0) | 22.0 (19.0–27.3) | 22.0 (16.0–27.0) | 0.686 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 56.6 (52.5–61.0) | 56.6 (52.3–59.8) | 58.0 (53.0–62.5) | 0.432 |
| Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||
| hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | <0.001 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | <0.001 |
| TMAO (μmol/L) | 3.3 (2.3–7.6) | 5.4 (2.4–13.2) | 3.2 (2.1–4.1) | 0.014 |
| Endothelial functions | ||||
| Endothelial progenitor cells | ||||
| CD34+, KDR+ (%) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.7 (0.5–1.4) | 0.018 |
| CD34+, KDR+, CD133+ (%) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.7 (0.5–1.3) | 0.028 |
| Flow-mediated dilation (%) | 7.0 (4.5–10.2) | 4.5 (3.0–5.1) | 9.5 (8.4–16.5) | <0.001 |
MI, myocardial infarction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CAD, coronary artery disease; LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; LV, left ventricle; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-1β, interkeukin-1β; KDR, kinase-insert domain-containing receptor.