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. 2019 Mar 12;9:4281. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40903-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of CTX on MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and TNF-α release by macrophages. Macrophages (1 × 10⁶/mL) were adhered for 1 hour and incubated in the absence or presence of CTX (12.5 nM) for 2 hours at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. After this period, the plates were washed and incubated for 24 h in the presence of the fresh medium. Then, the supernatants were collected for determination of the concentration of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and TNF-α by means of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using a commercial kit. Data are mean ± S.E.M. Data are the average of four samples of each group ± S.E.M and represent two distinct trials. In (A,B) *p < 0.0001, significantly different from mean values for control group. In (C) *p < 0.01, compared with the respective control group.