Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to physical activity level.
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 211,992) | Physical activity group | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sedentary (n = 117,571) | Insufficient (n = 61,869) | Sufficient (n = 23,309) | Health enhancing (n = 9,243) | |||
| Age (years)a | 37.8 (7.8) | 36.8 (7.4) | 38.3 (7.7) | 39.8 (8.4) | 40.8 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Gender, male (%) | 129,951 (61.3) | 63,136 (53.7) | 46,278 (74.8) | 15,104 (64.8) | 5,370 (58.1) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 167.7 (8.2) | 166.8 (8.3) | 169.4 (7.8) | 167.9 (8.2) | 166.8 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 23.4 (3.1) | 23.0 (3.2) | 23.9 (3.0) | 23.9 (2.9) | 23.7 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)a | 113.6 (13.7) | 112.3 (12.4) | 115.2 (13.6) | 115.3 (13.9) | 115.7 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)a | 73.4 (10.0) | 72.4 (9.9) | 74.8 (9.9) | 74.6 (10.0) | 74.5 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Higher education (%)* | 164,294 (77.5) | 90,177 (76.7) | 49,743(80.4) | 17,808 (76.4) | 6,442 (69.7) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 60,842 (28.7) | 31,391 (26.7) | 20,540 (33.2) | 6,130 (26.3) | 2,680 (29.0) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake ≥20 g/day (%) | 32,859 (15.5) | 15,872 (13.5) | 11,631 (18.8) | 3,963 (17.0) | 1,432 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Fatty liver (%) | 56,178 (26.5) | 29,628 (25.2) | 18,623 (30.1) | 5,944 (25.5) | 2,061 (22.3) | 0.003 |
| Obesity (%) | 62,114 (29.3) | 30,098 (25.6) | 21,345 (34.5) | 7,739 (33.2) | 2,856 (30.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 5,724 (2.7) | 2,469 (2.1) | 1,917 (3.1) | 909 (3.9) | 471 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 29,043 (13.7) | 13,403 (11.4) | 9,960 (16.1) | 4,102 (17.6) | 1,719 (18.6) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 6,996 (3.3) | 3,645 (3.1) | 1,856 (3.0) | 979 (4.2) | 462 (5.0) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (µIU/mL)b | 4.80 (3.27–6.92) | 4.85 (3.31–6.99) | 4.85 (3.29–6.97) | 4.57 (3.12–6.53) | 4.46 (3.00–6.50) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL)a | 94.0 (14.7) | 93.3 (13.9) | 94.9 (15.8) | 94.8 (15.1) | 95.2 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)a | 194.3 (34.6) | 192.6 (34.6) | 196.7 (34.6) | 196.0 (34.2) | 195.4 (34.2) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL)a | 113.7 (30.0) | 112.6 (30.1) | 115.8 (29.8) | 114.3 (29.3) | 112.3 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)a | 55.6 (12.8) | 55.8 (12.9) | 54.5 (12.2) | 56.5 (12.9) | 58.6 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)b | 102 (72–151) | 99 (70–148) | 110 (77–161) | 100 (71–146) | 92 (66–133) | 0.895 |
| HOMA IRb | 1.69 (1.22–2.28) | 1.69 (1.21–2.29) | 1.72 (1.24–2.30) | 1.67 (1.21–2.23) | 1.58 (1.14–2.16) | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L)b | 0.04 (0.02–0.1) | 0.04 (0.01–0.09) | 0.05 (0.02–0.1) | 0.04 (0.02–0.09) | 0.04 (0.01–0.09) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as amean (standard deviation), bmedian (interquartile range), or percentage.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein. Cardiovascular disease was defined as coronary heart disease or stroke.
*≥ College graduate.