Table 1.
Characteristics of ADHD children and healthy controls.
| ADHD | Controls | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, N(%) | 0.200 | ||
| Male | 141(83.93) | 183(78.54) | |
| Female | 27(16.07) | 50(21.46) | |
| Age(year), Mean (SD) | 8.55(1.62) | 8.60(1.76) | 0.760 |
| Family history of neural system diseases, N(%) | 0.570 | ||
| Yes | 2(1.19) | 1(0.43) | |
| No and Unknown | 166(98.81) | 232(99.57) | |
| Parental marital status, N(%) | 0.245 | ||
| Marries | 148(88.10) | 214(91.85) | |
| Single, separated, divorced or widowed | 16(11.90) | 14(8.15) | |
| Pregnancy age of mother(y), mean(S.D.) | 26.54(4.19) | 27.57(5.11) | 0.028 |
| Low birth weight(<2500 g), N(%) | 12(7.14) | 17(7.30) | 0.953 |
| Preterm birth(<37 weeks), N(%) | 17(10.12) | 21(9.01) | 0.695 |
| Delivery mode, N(%) | 0.254 | ||
| Cesarean section | 50(29.76) | 57(24.47) | |
| Vaginal delivery | 118(70.24) | 176(75.54) | |
| Breast feeding, N(%) | 101(60.11) | 146(62.66) | 0.161 |
| Intelligence Quotient, mean (S.D.) | 98.50(12.07) | 98.90(13.02) | 0.730 |
| SNAP-IV rating scales, mean(S.D) | |||
| Inattention scores | 1.95(0.49) | 0.64(0.42) | <0.001 |
| Hyperactivity scores | 1.40(0.73) | 0.42(0.36) | <0.001 |
| Oppositional defiant scores(ODD) | 1.04(0.69) | 0.45(0.42) | <0.001 |
| CBCL scales, mean(S.D) | 44.87(25.07) | 18.91(18.89) | <0.001 |
| Blood lead (ug/dL), mean (S.D.) | 3.58(1.59) | 3.26(1.69) | 0.846 |
| Male | 3.65(1.61) | 3.57(1.79) | 0.345 |
| Female | 3.64(1.17) | 3.63(1.16) | 0.722 |
| Inattention | 3.45(1.58) | 3.36(1.69) | 0.345 |
| Hyperactivity/impulsivity | 3.64(1.58) | 3.63(1.71) | 0.721 |
| ADHD-ODD(N = 40) | 3.71(1.59) | 3.63(1.70) | 0.111 |
| Prenatal tobacco exposure, N(%) | 58(34.52) | 53(22.74) | 0.010 |
| Postnatal tobacco exposure, N(%) | 53(31.54) | 55(23.61) | 0.087 |
| Drinking during pregnancy, N(%) | 4(2.4) | 6(2.6) | 0.896 |
p-value was calculated using chi-squared test if percentages are compared, or t test if means are compared.