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. 2019 Mar 6;10:360. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00360

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Copyright © 2019 Gaudino and Kumar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CRC altered microbiota-dependent innate immune signaling facilitates tumorigenesis. The intestinal microbiota changes with the progression of CRC. For instance, increased levels of F. nucleatum have been associated with increased severity of CRC. CRC cells also display a “leaky” epithelial layer which allows for the entrance of microbial products into the tumor microenvironment. These products activate TLR signaling by DCs. IL-23 is then secreted by DCs to promote the secretion of IL-17A by T_h17 cells. IL-17A, in turn, is associated with angiogenesis.