Table 2.

Overview of publications on 3D printing of hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering.

Material(s)	Cell source(s)	Printing method	Mechanical properties	Cytocompatibility	Reference
Sodium alginate	ATDC5 chondrogenic cell line	Inkjet bioprinting	Compressive modulus: 20–70 kPa	~85% cell viability Cartilage ECM deposition	[113]
Alginate with cellulose nanofibers	Human nasoseptal chondrocytes	Inkjet bioprinting	Compressive modulus: 75–250 kPa	73–86% cell viability	[115]
Alginate with cellulose nanofibers	Human nasoseptal chondrocytes	Extrusion bioprinting	Compressive stress: 15–88 kPa	Cartilage ECM deposition	[116]
Alginate with cellulose nanofibers	Human nasoseptal chondrocytes and MSCs	Extrusion bioprinting	Not reported	Chondrogenic differentiation Chondrocytes proliferation	[117]
Alginate with gellan	Bovine articular chondrocytes	Extrusion bioprinting	Tensile modulus: 116–230 kPa	80–96% cell viability. Cartilage ECM deposition Chondrocytes proliferation	[118]
Methacrylated HA with diacrylated Pluronic	Bovine articular chondrocytes	Inkjet bioprinting	Compressive modulus: 1.5–6.5 kPa	62–86% cell viability	[120]
HA with dextran derived	Equine articular chondrocytes	Extrusion bioprinting	Ultimate compressive stress: 100–160 kPa	>75% cell viability	[121]
GelMA with HA	Equine articular chondrocytes	Inkjet bioprinting	Compressive modulus: 5–180 kPa	>73% cell viability	[127]
GelMA with HA-methacrylate	Human bone marrow MSCs	Extrusion bioprinting	Compressive modulus: 48–100 kPa	85–95% cell viability.Chondrogenic differentiation	[126]
GelMA	Equine ACPCs/Chondrocytes/MSCs	Inkjet bioprinting	Compressive modulus: 100–187 kPa	>75% cell viability	[125]
PEGDMA	Human articular chondrocytes	Inkjet bioprinting	Compressive modulus: ~400 kPa	89% cell viability Cartilage ECM deposition	[128]
PEG-GelMA	Human MSCs	Inkjet bioprinting	Compressive modulus: ~1 MPa	~80% cell viability Cartilage ECM deposition Chondrogenic differentiation	[129]
Alginate reinforced with PCL	Embryonic chick chondrocytes	Extrusion bioprinting	Not reported	77–85% cell viability Cartilage ECM deposition	[132]
Alginate reinforced with PCL + TGFβ	Human nososeptal chondrocytes	Extrusion bioprinting	Not reported	85% cell viability Cartilage ECM deposition	[131]
Alginate reinforced with PCL	C20A4 human chondrocyte cell line	Extrusion bioprinting	Compressive modulus: 6 MPa	~70% cell viability	[130]